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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">5. Using Python on a Mac</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-and-installing-python">5.1. Getting and Installing Python</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-a-python-script">5.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-scripts-with-a-gui">5.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuration">5.1.3. Configuration</a></li>
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</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-ide">5.2. The IDE</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-additional-python-packages">5.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gui-programming">5.4. GUI Programming</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#distributing-python-applications">5.5. Distributing Python Applications</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-resources">5.6. Other Resources</a></li>
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  <section id="using-python-on-a-mac">
<span id="using-on-mac"></span><h1><span class="section-number">5. </span>Using Python on a Mac<a class="headerlink" href="#using-python-on-a-mac" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Author<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>Bob Savage &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:bobsavage&#37;&#52;&#48;mac&#46;com">bobsavage<span>&#64;</span>mac<span>&#46;</span>com</a>&gt;</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Python on a Mac running macOS is in principle very similar to Python on
any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such as
the integrated development environment (IDE) and the Package Manager that are
worth pointing out.</p>
<section id="getting-and-installing-python">
<span id="getting-and-installing-macpython"></span><span id="getting-osx"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.1. </span>Getting and Installing Python<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-and-installing-python" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>macOS used to come with Python 2.7 pre-installed between versions
10.8 and <a class="reference external" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos-release-notes/macos-12_3-release-notes#Python">12.3</a>.
You are invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/macos/">Python
website</a>.
A current “universal2 binary” build of Python, which runs natively on the Mac’s
new Apple Silicon and legacy Intel processors, is available there.</p>
<p>What you get after installing is a number of things:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Python</span> <span class="pre">3.12</span></code> folder in your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Applications</span></code> folder. In here
you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official
Python distributions; and <strong class="program">Python Launcher</strong>, which handles double-clicking Python
scripts from the Finder.</p></li>
<li><p>A framework <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework</span></code>, which includes the
Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shell
path. To uninstall Python, you can remove these three things. A
symlink to the Python executable is placed in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin/</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>On macOS 10.8-12.3, the Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/bin/python</span></code>,
respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they are
Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software.  Remember that
if you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have
two different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it will
be important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.</p>
</div>
<p>IDLE includes a Help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you
are completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introduction
in that document.</p>
<p>If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read the
section on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.</p>
<section id="how-to-run-a-python-script">
<h3><span class="section-number">5.1.1. </span>How to run a Python script<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-run-a-python-script" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Your best way to get started with Python on macOS is through the IDLE
integrated development environment; see section <a class="reference internal" href="#ide"><span class="std std-ref">The IDE</span></a> and use the Help menu
when the IDE is running.</p>
<p>If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or from
the Finder you first need an editor to create your script. macOS comes with a
number of standard Unix command line editors, <strong class="program">vim</strong>
<strong class="program">nano</strong> among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,
<strong class="program">BBEdit</strong> from Bare Bones Software (see
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html">https://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html</a>) are good choices, as is
<strong class="program">TextMate</strong> (see <a class="reference external" href="https://macromates.com">https://macromates.com</a>). Other editors include
<strong class="program">MacVim</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://macvim.org">https://macvim.org</a>) and <strong class="program">Aquamacs</strong>
(<a class="reference external" href="https://aquamacs.org">https://aquamacs.org</a>).</p>
<p>To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin</span></code> is in your shell search path.</p>
<p>To run your script from the Finder you have two options:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Drag it to <strong class="program">Python Launcher</strong>.</p></li>
<li><p>Select <strong class="program">Python Launcher</strong> as the default application to open your
script (or any <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.
<strong class="program">Python Launcher</strong> has various preferences to control how your script is
launched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or use
its Preferences menu to change things globally.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="running-scripts-with-a-gui">
<span id="osx-gui-scripts"></span><h3><span class="section-number">5.1.2. </span>Running scripts with a GUI<a class="headerlink" href="#running-scripts-with-a-gui" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>With older versions of Python, there is one macOS quirk that you need to be
aware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,
anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use <strong class="program">pythonw</strong>
instead of <strong class="program">python</strong> to start such scripts.</p>
<p>With Python 3.9, you can use either <strong class="program">python</strong> or <strong class="program">pythonw</strong>.</p>
</section>
<section id="configuration">
<h3><span class="section-number">5.1.3. </span>Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Python on macOS honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a>, but setting these variables for programs started from the
Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.profile</span></code> or
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.cshrc</span></code> at startup. You need to create a file
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.MacOSX/environment.plist</span></code>. See Apple’s
<a class="reference external" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1067/_index.html">Technical Q&amp;A QA1067</a>
for details.</p>
<p>For more information on installation Python packages, see section
<a class="reference internal" href="#mac-package-manager"><span class="std std-ref">Installing Additional Python Packages</span></a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="the-ide">
<span id="ide"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.2. </span>The IDE<a class="headerlink" href="#the-ide" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Python ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html">https://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="installing-additional-python-packages">
<span id="mac-package-manager"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.3. </span>Installing Additional Python Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-additional-python-packages" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>This section has moved to the <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/installing-packages/">Python Packaging User Guide</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="gui-programming">
<span id="gui-programming-on-the-mac"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.4. </span>GUI Programming<a class="headerlink" href="#gui-programming" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.</p>
<p><em>PyObjC</em> is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which is
the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is
available from <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/">https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/</a>.</p>
<p>The standard Python GUI toolkit is <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code></a>, based on the cross-platform
Tk toolkit (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.tcl.tk">https://www.tcl.tk</a>). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with
macOS by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.activestate.com">https://www.activestate.com</a>; it can also be built from source.</p>
<p>A number of alternative macOS GUI toolkits are available:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.qt.io/qt-for-python">PySide</a>: Official Python bindings to the
<a class="reference external" href="https://qt.io">Qt GUI toolkit</a>.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro">PyQt</a>: Alternative
Python bindings to Qt.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://kivy.org">Kivy</a>: A cross-platform GUI toolkit that supports
desktop and mobile platforms.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://toga.readthedocs.io">Toga</a>: Part of the <a class="reference external" href="https://beeware.org">BeeWare Project</a>; supports desktop, mobile, web and console apps.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.wxpython.org">wxPython</a>: A cross-platform toolkit that
supports desktop operating systems.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="distributing-python-applications">
<span id="distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.5. </span>Distributing Python Applications<a class="headerlink" href="#distributing-python-applications" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>A range of tools exist for converting your Python code into a standalone
distributable application:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/py2app/">py2app</a>: Supports creating macOS <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.app</span></code>
bundles from a Python project.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://briefcase.readthedocs.io">Briefcase</a>: Part of the <a class="reference external" href="https://beeware.org">BeeWare Project</a>; a cross-platform packaging tool that supports
creation of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.app</span></code> bundles on macOS, as well as managing signing and
notarization.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://pyinstaller.org/">PyInstaller</a>: A cross-platform packaging tool that creates
a single file or folder as a distributable artifact.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="other-resources">
<h2><span class="section-number">5.6. </span>Other Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#other-resources" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The Pythonmac-SIG mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users
and developers on the Mac:</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/">https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/</a></p>
<p>Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython">https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython</a></p>
</section>
</section>


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    <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">5. Using Python on a Mac</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-and-installing-python">5.1. Getting and Installing Python</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-a-python-script">5.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-scripts-with-a-gui">5.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuration">5.1.3. Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-ide">5.2. The IDE</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-additional-python-packages">5.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gui-programming">5.4. GUI Programming</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#distributing-python-applications">5.5. Distributing Python Applications</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-resources">5.6. Other Resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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