Baoding-FenShuaJiang
/
Green_GoodERP18_FSJ_Standard


			
							<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en" data-content_root="../">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Development Tools" />
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://docs.python.org/3/library/development.html" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Python documentation" />
<meta property="og:description" content="The modules described in this chapter help you write software. For example, the pydoc module takes a module and generates documentation based on the module’s contents. The doctest and unittest modu..." />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://docs.python.org/3/_static/og-image.png" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Python documentation" />
<meta name="description" content="The modules described in this chapter help you write software. For example, the pydoc module takes a module and generates documentation based on the module’s contents. The doctest and unittest modu..." />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="200" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="200" />
<meta name="theme-color" content="#3776ab" />

    <title>Development Tools &#8212; Python 3.12.3 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css?v=80d5e7a1" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?v=bb723527" />
    <link id="pygments_dark_css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments_dark.css?v=b20cc3f5" />
    
    <script src="../_static/documentation_options.js?v=2c828074"></script>
    <script src="../_static/doctools.js?v=888ff710"></script>
    <script src="../_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=dc90522c"></script>
    
    <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
    
    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
          title="Search within Python 3.12.3 documentation"
          href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
    <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
    <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="typing — Support for type hints" href="typing.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="IDLE" href="idle.html" />
    <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/development.html" />
    
      
    <style>
      @media only screen {
        table.full-width-table {
            width: 100%;
        }
      }
    </style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme_dark.css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" id="pydoctheme_dark_css">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.svg" />
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/menu.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/search-focus.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/themetoggle.js"></script> 

  </head>
<body>
<div class="mobile-nav">
    <input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation"
           aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu" />
    <nav class="nav-content" role="navigation">
        <label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label">
            <span></span>
        </label>
        <span class="nav-items-wrapper">
            <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo">
                <img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo"/>
            </a>
            <span class="version_switcher_placeholder"></span>
            <form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
                <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon">
                    <path fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor" d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path>
                </svg>
                <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" />
                <input type="submit" value="Go"/>
            </form>
        </span>
    </nav>
    <div class="menu-wrapper">
        <nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label>
  <div>
    <h4>Previous topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="idle.html"
                          title="previous chapter">IDLE</a></p>
  </div>
  <div>
    <h4>Next topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="typing.html"
                          title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a></p>
  </div>
  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
    <h3>This Page</h3>
    <ul class="this-page-menu">
      <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/development.rst"
            rel="nofollow">Show Source
        </a>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
        </nav>
    </div>
</div>

  
    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="typing.html" title="typing — Support for type hints"
             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="idle.html" title="IDLE"
             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>

          <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
          <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
          <li class="switchers">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
          </li>
          <li>
              
          </li>
    <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
      <a href="../index.html">3.12.3 Documentation</a> &#187;
    </li>

          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Development Tools</a></li>
                <li class="right">
                    

    <div class="inline-search" role="search">
        <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
          <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box" />
          <input type="submit" value="Go" />
        </form>
    </div>
                     |
                </li>
            <li class="right">
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label> |</li>
            
      </ul>
    </div>    

    <div class="document">
      <div class="documentwrapper">
        <div class="bodywrapper">
          <div class="body" role="main">
            
  <section id="development-tools">
<span id="development"></span><h1>Development Tools<a class="headerlink" href="#development-tools" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter help you write software.  For example, the
<a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a> module takes a module and generates documentation based on the
module’s contents.  The <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#module-unittest" title="unittest: Unit testing framework for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> modules contains
frameworks for writing unit tests that automatically exercise code and verify
that the expected output is produced.  <strong class="program">2to3</strong> can translate Python 2.x
source code into valid Python 3.x code.</p>
<p>The list of modules described in this chapter is:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#specification-for-the-python-type-system">Specification for the Python Type System</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#type-aliases">Type aliases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#newtype">NewType</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#annotating-callable-objects">Annotating callable objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#generics">Generics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#annotating-tuples">Annotating tuples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#the-type-of-class-objects">The type of class objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#user-defined-generic-types">User-defined generic types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#the-any-type">The <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Any</span></code> type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#nominal-vs-structural-subtyping">Nominal vs structural subtyping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#module-contents">Module contents</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#special-typing-primitives">Special typing primitives</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#special-types">Special types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#special-forms">Special forms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#building-generic-types-and-type-aliases">Building generic types and type aliases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#other-special-directives">Other special directives</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#protocols">Protocols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#abcs-for-working-with-io">ABCs for working with IO</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#functions-and-decorators">Functions and decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#introspection-helpers">Introspection helpers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#constant">Constant</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#deprecated-aliases">Deprecated aliases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-built-in-types">Aliases to built-in types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-types-in-collections">Aliases to types in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-other-concrete-types">Aliases to other concrete types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-container-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to container ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-asynchronous-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to asynchronous ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-other-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to other ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#aliases-to-contextlib-abcs">Aliases to <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> ABCs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#deprecation-timeline-of-major-features">Deprecation Timeline of Major Features</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html">Python Development Mode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#effects-of-the-python-development-mode">Effects of the Python Development Mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#resourcewarning-example">ResourceWarning Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html#bad-file-descriptor-error-example">Bad file descriptor error example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-it-works">How It Works</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">What’s the Execution Context?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">What About Exceptions?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#option-flags">Option Flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#directives">Directives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#warnings">Warnings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#basic-api">Basic API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#unittest-api">Unittest API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#advanced-api">Advanced API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctest-objects">DocTest Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#example-objects">Example Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">DocTestFinder objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestparser-objects">DocTestParser objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects">DocTestRunner objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#outputchecker-objects">OutputChecker objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#soapbox">Soapbox</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#basic-example">Basic example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#test-discovery">Test Discovery</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#organizing-test-code">Organizing test code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code">Re-using old test code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#distinguishing-test-iterations-using-subtests">Distinguishing test iterations using subtests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#classes-and-functions">Classes and functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#test-cases">Test cases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#grouping-tests">Grouping tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#loading-and-running-tests">Loading and running tests</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#load-tests-protocol">load_tests Protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#class-and-module-fixtures">Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass">setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — mock object library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#quick-guide">Quick Guide</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#the-mock-class">The Mock Class</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#calling">Calling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#mock-names-and-the-name-attribute">Mock names and the name attribute</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#the-patchers">The patchers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch">patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patch-builtins">patch builtins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#magicmock-and-magic-method-support">MagicMock and magic method support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#mocking-magic-methods">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#helpers">Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#sentinel">sentinel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#default">DEFAULT</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#call">call</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#create-autospec">create_autospec</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#any">ANY</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#filter-dir">FILTER_DIR</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#mock-open">mock_open</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#autospeccing">Autospeccing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#sealing-mocks">Sealing mocks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html#order-of-precedence-of-side-effect-return-value-and-wraps">Order of precedence of <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return_value</span></code> and <em>wraps</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock">Using Mock</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods">Mock Patching Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes">Mocking Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks">Naming your mocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls">Tracking all Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes">Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">Side effect functions and iterables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-iterators">Mocking asynchronous iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-context-manager">Mocking asynchronous context manager</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#using-side-effect-to-return-per-file-content">Using side_effect to return per file content</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#further-examples">Further Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html">2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#using-2to3">Using 2to3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#fixers">Fixers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html#module-lib2to3"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> — 2to3’s library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">Writing Unit Tests for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.regrtest">Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.socket_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.socket_helper</span></code> — Utilities for socket tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.script_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.script_helper</span></code> — Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.bytecode_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.bytecode_helper</span></code> — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.threading_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.threading_helper</span></code> — Utilities for threading tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.os_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.os_helper</span></code> — Utilities for os tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.import_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.import_helper</span></code> — Utilities for import tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.warnings_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.warnings_helper</span></code> — Utilities for warnings tests</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>


            <div class="clearer"></div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
  <div>
    <h4>Previous topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="idle.html"
                          title="previous chapter">IDLE</a></p>
  </div>
  <div>
    <h4>Next topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="typing.html"
                          title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a></p>
  </div>
  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
    <h3>This Page</h3>
    <ul class="this-page-menu">
      <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/development.rst"
            rel="nofollow">Show Source
        </a>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
        </div>
<div id="sidebarbutton" title="Collapse sidebar">
<span>«</span>
</div>

      </div>
      <div class="clearer"></div>
    </div>  
    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             >index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="typing.html" title="typing — Support for type hints"
             >next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="idle.html" title="IDLE"
             >previous</a> |</li>

          <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
          <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
          <li class="switchers">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
          </li>
          <li>
              
          </li>
    <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
      <a href="../index.html">3.12.3 Documentation</a> &#187;
    </li>

          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Development Tools</a></li>
                <li class="right">
                    

    <div class="inline-search" role="search">
        <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
          <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box" />
          <input type="submit" value="Go" />
        </form>
    </div>
                     |
                </li>
            <li class="right">
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label> |</li>
            
      </ul>
    </div>  
    <div class="footer">
    &copy; 
      <a href="../copyright.html">
    
    Copyright
    
      </a>
     2001-2024, Python Software Foundation.
    <br />
    This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
    <br />
    Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
    <br />
    
      See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.<br />
    
    
    <br />

    The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br />
    <br />
      Last updated on Apr 09, 2024 (13:47 UTC).
    
      <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
    
    <br />

    Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 7.2.6.
    </div>

  </body>
</html>