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  1. GNU Free Documentation License
  2. Version 1.2, November 2002
  3. Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St,
  4. Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
  5. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
  6. document, but changing it is not allowed.
  7. 0. PREAMBLE
  8. The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional
  9. and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
  10. effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it,
  11. either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves
  12. for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
  13. being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
  14. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of
  15. the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the
  16. GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
  17. software.
  18. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,
  19. because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come
  20. with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
  21. License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual
  22. work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed
  23. book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction
  24. or reference.
  25. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
  26. This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains
  27. a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under
  28. the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free
  29. license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated
  30. herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
  31. of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license
  32. if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
  33. copyright law.
  34. A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document
  35. or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated
  36. into another language.
  37. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the
  38. Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
  39. authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters)
  40. and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
  41. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section
  42. may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
  43. connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
  44. philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
  45. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated,
  46. as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document
  47. is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition
  48. of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document
  49. may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any
  50. Invariant Sections then there are none.
  51. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
  52. Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released
  53. under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover
  54. Text may be at most 25 words.
  55. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented
  56. in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is
  57. suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors
  58. or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings)
  59. some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
  60. formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for
  61. input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
  62. whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
  63. subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
  64. not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is
  65. not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
  66. Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
  67. markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
  68. available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
  69. for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG,
  70. XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
  71. edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
  72. and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
  73. HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes
  74. only.
  75. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
  76. following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
  77. requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
  78. any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
  79. appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
  80. text.
  81. A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title
  82. either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
  83. translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section
  84. name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements",
  85. or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
  86. Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this
  87. definition.
  88. The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states
  89. that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are
  90. considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
  91. disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
  92. may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
  93. 2. VERBATIM COPYING
  94. You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
  95. or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and
  96. the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
  97. in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of
  98. this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the
  99. reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
  100. you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
  101. enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
  102. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
  103. may publicly display copies.
  104. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
  105. If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
  106. covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
  107. notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
  108. clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
  109. cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
  110. and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover
  111. must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent
  112. and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying
  113. with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
  114. the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying
  115. in other respects.
  116. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
  117. you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
  118. cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
  119. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
  120. than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
  121. with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network
  122. location from which the general network-using public has access to download
  123. using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the
  124. Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
  125. reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in
  126. quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible
  127. at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute
  128. an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition
  129. to the public.
  130. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document
  131. well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance
  132. to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
  133. 4. MODIFICATIONS
  134. You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
  135. of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version
  136. under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of
  137. the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified
  138. Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
  139. things in the Modified Version:
  140. A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
  141. that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
  142. there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may
  143. use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that
  144. version gives permission.
  145. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible
  146. for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with
  147. at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
  148. authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
  149. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version,
  150. as the publisher.
  151. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  152. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
  153. the other copyright notices.
  154. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving
  155. the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
  156. License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  157. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
  158. required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
  159. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
  160. I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to
  161. it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of
  162. the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled
  163. "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
  164. publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing
  165. the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  166. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
  167. access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations
  168. given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be
  169. placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
  170. that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the
  171. original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  172. K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve
  173. the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and
  174. tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given
  175. therein.
  176. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
  177. text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered
  178. part of the section titles.
  179. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included
  180. in the Modified Version.
  181. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to
  182. conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  183. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
  184. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that
  185. qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document,
  186. you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant.
  187. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
  188. Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section
  189. titles.
  190. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing
  191. but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
  192. statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization
  193. as the authoritative definition of a standard.
  194. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage
  195. of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts
  196. in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover
  197. Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If
  198. the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
  199. added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf
  200. of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
  201. permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
  202. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
  203. permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement
  204. of any Modified Version.
  205. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
  206. You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
  207. under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided
  208. that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of
  209. the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections
  210. of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
  211. Warranty Disclaimers.
  212. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
  213. identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there
  214. are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
  215. make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
  216. parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section
  217. if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
  218. titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
  219. work.
  220. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
  221. various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
  222. combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
  223. "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
  224. 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
  225. You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
  226. under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the
  227. various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided
  228. that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
  229. the documents in all other respects.
  230. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
  231. individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
  232. into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
  233. regarding verbatim copying of that document.
  234. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
  235. A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
  236. documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium,
  237. is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is
  238. not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what
  239. the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate,
  240. this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are
  241. not themselves derivative works of the Document.
  242. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
  243. the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate,
  244. the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document
  245. within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document
  246. is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
  247. the whole aggregate.
  248. 8. TRANSLATION
  249. Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
  250. of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections
  251. with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders,
  252. but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition
  253. to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation
  254. of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty
  255. Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of
  256. this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In
  257. case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of
  258. this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
  259. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
  260. or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1)
  261. will typically require changing the actual title.
  262. 9. TERMINATION
  263. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
  264. expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
  265. sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate
  266. your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies,
  267. or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated
  268. so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
  269. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
  270. The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
  271. Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
  272. in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
  273. problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
  274. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
  275. Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or
  276. any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
  277. and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that
  278. has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
  279. Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
  280. any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
  281. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
  282. To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
  283. License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
  284. just after the title page:
  285. Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME . Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
  286. modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
  287. Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  288. with no Invariant Sections , no Front-Cover Texts , and no Back-Cover Texts
  289. . A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
  290. License".
  291. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace
  292. the "with...Texts." line with this:
  293. with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover
  294. Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
  295. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination
  296. of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
  297. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
  298. releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license,
  299. such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
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