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  192.   <section id="module-webbrowser">

  193. <span id="webbrowser-convenient-web-browser-controller"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-webbrowser" title="webbrowser: Easy-to-use controller for web browsers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code></a> — Convenient web-browser controller<a class="headerlink" href="#module-webbrowser" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  194. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/webbrowser.py">Lib/webbrowser.py</a></p>

  195. <hr class="docutils" />

  196. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-webbrowser" title="webbrowser: Easy-to-use controller for web browsers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code></a> module provides a high-level interface to allow displaying

  197. web-based documents to users. Under most circumstances, simply calling the

  198. <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open" title="webbrowser.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> function from this module will do the right thing.</p>

  199. <p>Under Unix, graphical browsers are preferred under X11, but text-mode browsers

  200. will be used if graphical browsers are not available or an X11 display isn’t

  201. available.  If text-mode browsers are used, the calling process will block until

  202. the user exits the browser.</p>

  203. <p>If the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BROWSER</span></code> exists, it is interpreted as the

  204. <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.pathsep" title="os.pathsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.pathsep</span></code></a>-separated list of browsers to try ahead of the platform

  205. defaults.  When the value of a list part contains the string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code>, then it is

  206. interpreted as a literal browser command line to be used with the argument URL

  207. substituted for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code>; if the part does not contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code>, it is simply

  208. interpreted as the name of the browser to launch. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p>

  209. <p>For non-Unix platforms, or when a remote browser is available on Unix, the

  210. controlling process will not wait for the user to finish with the browser, but

  211. allow the remote browser to maintain its own windows on the display.  If remote

  212. browsers are not available on Unix, the controlling process will launch a new

  213. browser and wait.</p>

  214. <p>The script <strong class="program">webbrowser</strong> can be used as a command-line interface for the

  215. module. It accepts a URL as the argument. It accepts the following optional

  216. parameters: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> opens the URL in a new browser window, if possible;

  217. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-t</span></code> opens the URL in a new browser page (“tab”). The options are,

  218. naturally, mutually exclusive.  Usage example:</p>

  219. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">webbrowser</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https://www.python.org&quot;</span>

  220. </pre></div>

  221. </div>

  222. <div class="availability docutils container">

  223. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: not Emscripten, not WASI.</p>

  224. <p>This module does not work or is not available on WebAssembly platforms

  225. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wasm32-emscripten</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wasm32-wasi</span></code>. See

  226. <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#wasm-availability"><span class="std std-ref">WebAssembly platforms</span></a> for more information.</p>

  227. </div>

  228. <p>The following exception is defined:</p>

  229. <dl class="py exception">

  230. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.Error">

  231. <em class="property"><span class="pre">exception</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">webbrowser.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.Error" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  232. <dd><p>Exception raised when a browser control error occurs.</p>

  233. </dd></dl>

  234. 

  235. <p>The following functions are defined:</p>

  236. <dl class="py function">

  237. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.open">

  238. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">webbrowser.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">new</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">autoraise</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  239. <dd><p>Display <em>url</em> using the default browser. If <em>new</em> is 0, the <em>url</em> is opened

  240. in the same browser window if possible.  If <em>new</em> is 1, a new browser window

  241. is opened if possible.  If <em>new</em> is 2, a new browser page (“tab”) is opened

  242. if possible.  If <em>autoraise</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the window is raised if possible

  243. (note that under many window managers this will occur regardless of the

  244. setting of this variable).</p>

  245. <p>Note that on some platforms, trying to open a filename using this function,

  246. may work and start the operating system’s associated program.  However, this

  247. is neither supported nor portable.</p>

  248. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser.open</span></code> with argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">url</span></code>.</p>

  249. </dd></dl>

  250. 

  251. <dl class="py function">

  252. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.open_new">

  253. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">webbrowser.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open_new</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  254. <dd><p>Open <em>url</em> in a new window of the default browser, if possible, otherwise, open

  255. <em>url</em> in the only browser window.</p>

  256. </dd></dl>

  257. 

  258. <dl class="py function">

  259. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.open_new_tab">

  260. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">webbrowser.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open_new_tab</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.open_new_tab" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  261. <dd><p>Open <em>url</em> in a new page (“tab”) of the default browser, if possible, otherwise

  262. equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a>.</p>

  263. </dd></dl>

  264. 

  265. <dl class="py function">

  266. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.get">

  267. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">webbrowser.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">using</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.get" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  268. <dd><p>Return a controller object for the browser type <em>using</em>.  If <em>using</em> is

  269. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, return a controller for a default browser appropriate to the

  270. caller’s environment.</p>

  271. </dd></dl>

  272. 

  273. <dl class="py function">

  274. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.register">

  275. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">webbrowser.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">register</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">constructor</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">instance</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">preferred</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.register" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  276. <dd><p>Register the browser type <em>name</em>.  Once a browser type is registered, the

  277. <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> function can return a controller for that browser type.  If

  278. <em>instance</em> is not provided, or is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, <em>constructor</em> will be called without

  279. parameters to create an instance when needed.  If <em>instance</em> is provided,

  280. <em>constructor</em> will never be called, and may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>

  281. <p>Setting <em>preferred</em> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> makes this browser a preferred result for

  282. a <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> call with no argument.  Otherwise, this entry point is only

  283. useful if you plan to either set the <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BROWSER</span></code> variable or call

  284. <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> with a nonempty argument matching the name of a handler you

  285. declare.</p>

  286. <div class="versionchanged">

  287. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span><em>preferred</em> keyword-only parameter was added.</p>

  288. </div>

  289. </dd></dl>

  290. 

  291. <p>A number of browser types are predefined.  This table gives the type names that

  292. may be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.get" title="webbrowser.get"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get()</span></code></a> function and the corresponding instantiations

  293. for the controller classes, all defined in this module.</p>

  294. <table class="docutils align-default">

  295. <thead>

  296. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Type Name</p></th>

  297. <th class="head"><p>Class Name</p></th>

  298. <th class="head"><p>Notes</p></th>

  299. </tr>

  300. </thead>

  301. <tbody>

  302. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'mozilla'</span></code></p></td>

  303. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('mozilla')</span></code></p></td>

  304. <td></td>

  305. </tr>

  306. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'firefox'</span></code></p></td>

  307. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mozilla('mozilla')</span></code></p></td>

  308. <td></td>

  309. </tr>

  310. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'epiphany'</span></code></p></td>

  311. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Epiphany('epiphany')</span></code></p></td>

  312. <td></td>

  313. </tr>

  314. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'kfmclient'</span></code></p></td>

  315. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>

  316. <td><p>(1)</p></td>

  317. </tr>

  318. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'konqueror'</span></code></p></td>

  319. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>

  320. <td><p>(1)</p></td>

  321. </tr>

  322. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'kfm'</span></code></p></td>

  323. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Konqueror()</span></code></p></td>

  324. <td><p>(1)</p></td>

  325. </tr>

  326. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'opera'</span></code></p></td>

  327. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Opera()</span></code></p></td>

  328. <td></td>

  329. </tr>

  330. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'links'</span></code></p></td>

  331. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('links')</span></code></p></td>

  332. <td></td>

  333. </tr>

  334. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'elinks'</span></code></p></td>

  335. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Elinks('elinks')</span></code></p></td>

  336. <td></td>

  337. </tr>

  338. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'lynx'</span></code></p></td>

  339. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('lynx')</span></code></p></td>

  340. <td></td>

  341. </tr>

  342. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w3m'</span></code></p></td>

  343. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericBrowser('w3m')</span></code></p></td>

  344. <td></td>

  345. </tr>

  346. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'windows-default'</span></code></p></td>

  347. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WindowsDefault</span></code></p></td>

  348. <td><p>(2)</p></td>

  349. </tr>

  350. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'macosx'</span></code></p></td>

  351. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSXOSAScript('default')</span></code></p></td>

  352. <td><p>(3)</p></td>

  353. </tr>

  354. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'safari'</span></code></p></td>

  355. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSXOSAScript('safari')</span></code></p></td>

  356. <td><p>(3)</p></td>

  357. </tr>

  358. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'google-chrome'</span></code></p></td>

  359. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chrome('google-chrome')</span></code></p></td>

  360. <td></td>

  361. </tr>

  362. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chrome'</span></code></p></td>

  363. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chrome('chrome')</span></code></p></td>

  364. <td></td>

  365. </tr>

  366. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chromium'</span></code></p></td>

  367. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chromium('chromium')</span></code></p></td>

  368. <td></td>

  369. </tr>

  370. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'chromium-browser'</span></code></p></td>

  371. <td><p><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Chromium('chromium-browser')</span></code></p></td>

  372. <td></td>

  373. </tr>

  374. </tbody>

  375. </table>

  376. <p>Notes:</p>

  377. <ol class="arabic simple">

  378. <li><p>“Konqueror” is the file manager for the KDE desktop environment for Unix, and

  379. only makes sense to use if KDE is running.  Some way of reliably detecting KDE

  380. would be nice; the <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KDEDIR</span></code> variable is not sufficient.  Note also that

  381. the name “kfm” is used even when using the <strong class="program">konqueror</strong> command with KDE

  382. 2 — the implementation selects the best strategy for running Konqueror.</p></li>

  383. <li><p>Only on Windows platforms.</p></li>

  384. <li><p>Only on macOS platform.</p></li>

  385. </ol>

  386. <div class="versionadded">

  387. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3: </span>Support for Chrome/Chromium has been added.</p>

  388. </div>

  389. <div class="versionchanged">

  390. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>Support for several obsolete browsers has been removed.

  391. Removed browsers include Grail, Mosaic, Netscape, Galeon,

  392. Skipstone, Iceape, and Firefox versions 35 and below.</p>

  393. </div>

  394. <div class="deprecated-removed">

  395. <p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.11, will be removed in version 3.13: </span><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSX</span></code> is deprecated, use <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOSXOSAScript</span></code> instead.</p>

  396. </div>

  397. <p>Here are some simple examples:</p>

  398. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://docs.python.org/&#39;</span>

  399. 

  400. <span class="c1"># Open URL in a new tab, if a browser window is already open.</span>

  401. <span class="n">webbrowser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_new_tab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>

  402. 

  403. <span class="c1"># Open URL in new window, raising the window if possible.</span>

  404. <span class="n">webbrowser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_new</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>

  405. </pre></div>

  406. </div>

  407. <section id="browser-controller-objects">

  408. <span id="browser-controllers"></span><h2>Browser Controller Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#browser-controller-objects" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  409. <p>Browser controllers provide these methods which parallel three of the

  410. module-level convenience functions:</p>

  411. <dl class="py attribute">

  412. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.name">

  413. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">webbrowser.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">name</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.name" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  414. <dd><p>System-dependent name for the browser.</p>

  415. </dd></dl>

  416. 

  417. <dl class="py method">

  418. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.controller.open">

  419. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">controller.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">new</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">autoraise</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  420. <dd><p>Display <em>url</em> using the browser handled by this controller. If <em>new</em> is 1, a new

  421. browser window is opened if possible. If <em>new</em> is 2, a new browser page (“tab”)

  422. is opened if possible.</p>

  423. </dd></dl>

  424. 

  425. <dl class="py method">

  426. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.controller.open_new">

  427. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">controller.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open_new</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open_new" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  428. <dd><p>Open <em>url</em> in a new window of the browser handled by this controller, if

  429. possible, otherwise, open <em>url</em> in the only browser window.  Alias

  430. <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a>.</p>

  431. </dd></dl>

  432. 

  433. <dl class="py method">

  434. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="webbrowser.controller.open_new_tab">

  435. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">controller.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open_new_tab</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">url</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#webbrowser.controller.open_new_tab" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  436. <dd><p>Open <em>url</em> in a new page (“tab”) of the browser handled by this controller, if

  437. possible, otherwise equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#webbrowser.open_new" title="webbrowser.open_new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_new()</span></code></a>.</p>

  438. </dd></dl>

  439. 

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