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  98. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> — Trace memory allocations</a><ul>

  99. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  100. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#display-the-top-10">Display the top 10</a></li>

  101. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#compute-differences">Compute differences</a></li>

  102. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block">Get the traceback of a memory block</a></li>

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  104. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#record-the-current-and-peak-size-of-all-traced-memory-blocks">Record the current and peak size of all traced memory blocks</a></li>

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  117. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#trace">Trace</a></li>

  118. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback">Traceback</a></li>

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  213.   <section id="module-tracemalloc">

  214. <span id="tracemalloc-trace-memory-allocations"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> — Trace memory allocations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  215. <div class="versionadded">

  216. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  217. </div>

  218. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/tracemalloc.py">Lib/tracemalloc.py</a></p>

  219. <hr class="docutils" />

  220. <p>The tracemalloc module is a debug tool to trace memory blocks allocated by

  221. Python. It provides the following information:</p>

  222. <ul class="simple">

  223. <li><p>Traceback where an object was allocated</p></li>

  224. <li><p>Statistics on allocated memory blocks per filename and per line number:

  225. total size, number and average size of allocated memory blocks</p></li>

  226. <li><p>Compute the differences between two snapshots to detect memory leaks</p></li>

  227. </ul>

  228. <p>To trace most memory blocks allocated by Python, the module should be started

  229. as early as possible by setting the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONTRACEMALLOC"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</span></code></a> environment

  230. variable to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, or by using <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-X"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-X</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> command line

  231. option. The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.start()</span></code></a> function can be called at runtime to

  232. start tracing Python memory allocations.</p>

  233. <p>By default, a trace of an allocated memory block only stores the most recent

  234. frame (1 frame). To store 25 frames at startup: set the

  235. <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONTRACEMALLOC"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</span></code></a> environment variable to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">25</span></code>, or use the

  236. <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-X"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-X</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc=25</span></code> command line option.</p>

  237. <section id="examples">

  238. <h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  239. <section id="display-the-top-10">

  240. <h3>Display the top 10<a class="headerlink" href="#display-the-top-10" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  241. <p>Display the 10 files allocating the most memory:</p>

  242. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tracemalloc</span>

  243. 

  244. <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>

  245. 

  246. <span class="c1"># ... run your application ...</span>

  247. 

  248. <span class="n">snapshot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">take_snapshot</span><span class="p">()</span>

  249. <span class="n">top_stats</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">snapshot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">statistics</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;lineno&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  250. 

  251. <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;[ Top 10 ]&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  252. <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">stat</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">top_stats</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">]:</span>

  253.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">)</span>

  254. </pre></div>

  255. </div>

  256. <p>Example of output of the Python test suite:</p>

  257. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">Top</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="p">]</span>

  258. <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">frozen</span> <span class="n">importlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_bootstrap</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">716</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4855</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">39328</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">126</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  259. <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">frozen</span> <span class="n">importlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_bootstrap</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">284</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">521</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3199</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">167</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  260. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">collections</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">368</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">244</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2315</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">108</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  261. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">case</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">381</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">185</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">779</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">243</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  262. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">case</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">402</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">154</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">378</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">416</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  263. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">abc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">133</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">88.7</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">347</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">262</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  264. <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">frozen</span> <span class="n">importlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_bootstrap</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1446</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">70.4</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">911</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">79</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  265. <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">frozen</span> <span class="n">importlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_bootstrap</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1454</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">52.0</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2131</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  266. <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">49.7</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">148</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">344</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  267. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sysconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">411</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">48.0</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">48.0</span> <span class="n">KiB</span>

  268. </pre></div>

  269. </div>

  270. <p>We can see that Python loaded <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4855</span> <span class="pre">KiB</span></code> data (bytecode and constants) from

  271. modules and that the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: Container datatypes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a> module allocated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">244</span> <span class="pre">KiB</span></code> to build

  272. <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple</span></code></a> types.</p>

  273. <p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.statistics()</span></code></a> for more options.</p>

  274. </section>

  275. <section id="compute-differences">

  276. <h3>Compute differences<a class="headerlink" href="#compute-differences" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  277. <p>Take two snapshots and display the differences:</p>

  278. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tracemalloc</span>

  279. <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>

  280. <span class="c1"># ... start your application ...</span>

  281. 

  282. <span class="n">snapshot1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">take_snapshot</span><span class="p">()</span>

  283. <span class="c1"># ... call the function leaking memory ...</span>

  284. <span class="n">snapshot2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">take_snapshot</span><span class="p">()</span>

  285. 

  286. <span class="n">top_stats</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">snapshot2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compare_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">snapshot1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;lineno&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  287. 

  288. <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;[ Top 10 differences ]&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  289. <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">stat</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">top_stats</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">]:</span>

  290.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">)</span>

  291. </pre></div>

  292. </div>

  293. <p>Example of output before/after running some tests of the Python test suite:</p>

  294. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">Top</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="n">differences</span> <span class="p">]</span>

  295. <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">frozen</span> <span class="n">importlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_bootstrap</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">716</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">8173</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">4428</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">71332</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">39369</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">117</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  296. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">linecache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">127</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">940</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">940</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">8106</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">8106</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">119</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  297. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">case</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">571</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">298</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">298</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">589</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">589</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">519</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  298. <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">frozen</span> <span class="n">importlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_bootstrap</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">284</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1005</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">166</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">7423</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1526</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">139</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  299. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">mimetypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">217</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">112</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">112</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1334</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1334</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">86</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  300. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">http</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">848</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">96.0</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">96.0</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">96.0</span> <span class="n">KiB</span>

  301. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1465</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">83.5</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">83.5</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">109</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">109</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">784</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  302. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">unittest</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">491</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">77.7</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">77.7</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">143</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">143</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">557</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  303. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">urllib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">476</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">71.8</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">71.8</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">969</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">969</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">76</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  304. <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">usr</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python3</span><span class="mf">.4</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">contextlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">38</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">67.2</span> <span class="n">KiB</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">67.2</span> <span class="n">KiB</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">126</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">126</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">546</span> <span class="n">B</span>

  305. </pre></div>

  306. </div>

  307. <p>We can see that Python has loaded <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8173</span> <span class="pre">KiB</span></code> of module data (bytecode and

  308. constants), and that this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4428</span> <span class="pre">KiB</span></code> more than had been loaded before the

  309. tests, when the previous snapshot was taken. Similarly, the <a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html#module-linecache" title="linecache: Provides random access to individual lines from text files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code></a>

  310. module has cached <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">940</span> <span class="pre">KiB</span></code> of Python source code to format tracebacks, all

  311. of it since the previous snapshot.</p>

  312. <p>If the system has little free memory, snapshots can be written on disk using

  313. the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.dump()</span></code></a> method to analyze the snapshot offline. Then use the

  314. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.load" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.load"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.load()</span></code></a> method reload the snapshot.</p>

  315. </section>

  316. <section id="get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block">

  317. <h3>Get the traceback of a memory block<a class="headerlink" href="#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  318. <p>Code to display the traceback of the biggest memory block:</p>

  319. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tracemalloc</span>

  320. 

  321. <span class="c1"># Store 25 frames</span>

  322. <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">)</span>

  323. 

  324. <span class="c1"># ... run your application ...</span>

  325. 

  326. <span class="n">snapshot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">take_snapshot</span><span class="p">()</span>

  327. <span class="n">top_stats</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">snapshot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">statistics</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;traceback&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  328. 

  329. <span class="c1"># pick the biggest memory block</span>

  330. <span class="n">stat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">top_stats</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>

  331. <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> memory blocks: </span><span class="si">%.1f</span><span class="s2"> KiB&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">))</span>

  332. <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">stat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">traceback</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">():</span>

  333.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>

  334. </pre></div>

  335. </div>

  336. <p>Example of output of the Python test suite (traceback limited to 25 frames):</p>

  337. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">903</span> <span class="n">memory</span> <span class="n">blocks</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">870.1</span> <span class="n">KiB</span>

  338.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">716</span>

  339.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1036</span>

  340.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">934</span>

  341.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1068</span>

  342.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">619</span>

  343.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1581</span>

  344.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1614</span>

  345.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/doctest.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">101</span>

  346.     <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span>

  347.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">284</span>

  348.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">938</span>

  349.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1068</span>

  350.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">619</span>

  351.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1581</span>

  352.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1614</span>

  353.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/test/support/__init__.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1728</span>

  354.     <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">doctest</span>

  355.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/test/test_pickletools.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">21</span>

  356.     <span class="n">support</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run_doctest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pickletools</span><span class="p">)</span>

  357.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1276</span>

  358.     <span class="n">test_runner</span><span class="p">()</span>

  359.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">976</span>

  360.     <span class="n">display_failure</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">verbose</span><span class="p">)</span>

  361.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">761</span>

  362.     <span class="n">match_tests</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match_tests</span><span class="p">)</span>

  363.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/test/regrtest.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">1563</span>

  364.     <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>

  365.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/test/__main__.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">3</span>

  366.     <span class="n">regrtest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">main_in_temp_cwd</span><span class="p">()</span>

  367.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">73</span>

  368.     <span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">run_globals</span><span class="p">)</span>

  369.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/usr/lib/python3.4/runpy.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">160</span>

  370.     <span class="s2">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loader</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pkg_name</span><span class="p">)</span>

  371. </pre></div>

  372. </div>

  373. <p>We can see that the most memory was allocated in the <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a> module to

  374. load data (bytecode and constants) from modules: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">870.1</span> <span class="pre">KiB</span></code>. The traceback is

  375. where the <a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html#module-importlib" title="importlib: The implementation of the import machinery."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a> loaded data most recently: on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">pdb</span></code>

  376. line of the <a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html#module-doctest" title="doctest: Test pieces of code within docstrings."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code></a> module. The traceback may change if a new module is

  377. loaded.</p>

  378. </section>

  379. <section id="pretty-top">

  380. <h3>Pretty top<a class="headerlink" href="#pretty-top" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  381. <p>Code to display the 10 lines allocating the most memory with a pretty output,

  382. ignoring <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;frozen</span> <span class="pre">importlib._bootstrap&gt;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;unknown&gt;</span></code> files:</p>

  383. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">linecache</span>

  384. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>

  385. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tracemalloc</span>

  386. 

  387. <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">display_top</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">snapshot</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;lineno&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>

  388.     <span class="n">snapshot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">snapshot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter_traces</span><span class="p">((</span>

  389.         <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;frozen importlib._bootstrap&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>

  390.         <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&lt;unknown&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>

  391.     <span class="p">))</span>

  392.     <span class="n">top_stats</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">snapshot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">statistics</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key_type</span><span class="p">)</span>

  393. 

  394.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Top </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> lines&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">)</span>

  395.     <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stat</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">top_stats</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>

  396.         <span class="n">frame</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">stat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">traceback</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>

  397.         <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;#</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">:</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">: </span><span class="si">%.1f</span><span class="s2"> KiB&quot;</span>

  398.               <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lineno</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">))</span>

  399.         <span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">linecache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">frame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lineno</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span>

  400.         <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">:</span>

  401.             <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;    </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>

  402. 

  403.     <span class="n">other</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">top_stats</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">limit</span><span class="p">:]</span>

  404.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">:</span>

  405.         <span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">stat</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>

  406.         <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> other: </span><span class="si">%.1f</span><span class="s2"> KiB&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">))</span>

  407.     <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">size</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">stat</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">top_stats</span><span class="p">)</span>

  408.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Total allocated size: </span><span class="si">%.1f</span><span class="s2"> KiB&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">))</span>

  409. 

  410. <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>

  411. 

  412. <span class="c1"># ... run your application ...</span>

  413. 

  414. <span class="n">snapshot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">take_snapshot</span><span class="p">()</span>

  415. <span class="n">display_top</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">snapshot</span><span class="p">)</span>

  416. </pre></div>

  417. </div>

  418. <p>Example of output of the Python test suite:</p>

  419. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Top</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="n">lines</span>

  420. <span class="c1">#1: Lib/base64.py:414: 419.8 KiB</span>

  421.     <span class="n">_b85chars2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_b85chars</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_b85chars</span><span class="p">]</span>

  422. <span class="c1">#2: Lib/base64.py:306: 419.8 KiB</span>

  423.     <span class="n">_a85chars2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_a85chars</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_a85chars</span><span class="p">]</span>

  424. <span class="c1">#3: collections/__init__.py:368: 293.6 KiB</span>

  425.     <span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">class_definition</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">namespace</span><span class="p">)</span>

  426. <span class="c1">#4: Lib/abc.py:133: 115.2 KiB</span>

  427.     <span class="bp">cls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__new__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mcls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bases</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">namespace</span><span class="p">)</span>

  428. <span class="c1">#5: unittest/case.py:574: 103.1 KiB</span>

  429.     <span class="n">testMethod</span><span class="p">()</span>

  430. <span class="c1">#6: Lib/linecache.py:127: 95.4 KiB</span>

  431.     <span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readlines</span><span class="p">()</span>

  432. <span class="c1">#7: urllib/parse.py:476: 71.8 KiB</span>

  433.     <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_hexdig</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_hexdig</span><span class="p">}</span>

  434. <span class="c1">#8: &lt;string&gt;:5: 62.0 KiB</span>

  435. <span class="c1">#9: Lib/_weakrefset.py:37: 60.0 KiB</span>

  436.     <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>

  437. <span class="c1">#10: Lib/base64.py:142: 59.8 KiB</span>

  438.     <span class="n">_b32tab2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_b32tab</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">_b32tab</span><span class="p">]</span>

  439. <span class="mi">6220</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">3602.8</span> <span class="n">KiB</span>

  440. <span class="n">Total</span> <span class="n">allocated</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">5303.1</span> <span class="n">KiB</span>

  441. </pre></div>

  442. </div>

  443. <p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.statistics()</span></code></a> for more options.</p>

  444. <section id="record-the-current-and-peak-size-of-all-traced-memory-blocks">

  445. <h4>Record the current and peak size of all traced memory blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#record-the-current-and-peak-size-of-all-traced-memory-blocks" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>

  446. <p>The following code computes two sums like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code> inefficiently, by

  447. creating a list of those numbers. This list consumes a lot of memory

  448. temporarily. We can use <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traced_memory" title="tracemalloc.get_traced_memory"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_traced_memory()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.reset_peak" title="tracemalloc.reset_peak"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset_peak()</span></code></a> to

  449. observe the small memory usage after the sum is computed as well as the peak

  450. memory usage during the computations:</p>

  451. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tracemalloc</span>

  452. 

  453. <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>

  454. 

  455. <span class="c1"># Example code: compute a sum with a large temporary list</span>

  456. <span class="n">large_sum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100000</span><span class="p">)))</span>

  457. 

  458. <span class="n">first_size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">first_peak</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_traced_memory</span><span class="p">()</span>

  459. 

  460. <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset_peak</span><span class="p">()</span>

  461. 

  462. <span class="c1"># Example code: compute a sum with a small temporary list</span>

  463. <span class="n">small_sum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)))</span>

  464. 

  465. <span class="n">second_size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">second_peak</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_traced_memory</span><span class="p">()</span>

  466. 

  467. <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">first_size</span><span class="si">=}</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">first_peak</span><span class="si">=}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  468. <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">second_size</span><span class="si">=}</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">second_peak</span><span class="si">=}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  469. </pre></div>

  470. </div>

  471. <p>Output:</p>

  472. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">first_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">664</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">first_peak</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3592984</span>

  473. <span class="n">second_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">804</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">second_peak</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">29704</span>

  474. </pre></div>

  475. </div>

  476. <p>Using <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.reset_peak" title="tracemalloc.reset_peak"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset_peak()</span></code></a> ensured we could accurately record the peak during the

  477. computation of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">small_sum</span></code>, even though it is much smaller than the overall

  478. peak size of memory blocks since the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start()</span></code></a> call. Without the call to

  479. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.reset_peak" title="tracemalloc.reset_peak"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset_peak()</span></code></a>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">second_peak</span></code> would still be the peak from the

  480. computation <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">large_sum</span></code> (that is, equal to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">first_peak</span></code>). In this case,

  481. both peaks are much higher than the final memory usage, and which suggests we

  482. could optimise (by removing the unnecessary call to <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>, and writing

  483. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sum(range(...))</span></code>).</p>

  484. </section>

  485. </section>

  486. </section>

  487. <section id="api">

  488. <h2>API<a class="headerlink" href="#api" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  489. <section id="functions">

  490. <h3>Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  491. <dl class="py function">

  492. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.clear_traces">

  493. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clear_traces</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.clear_traces" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  494. <dd><p>Clear traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.</p>

  495. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.stop" title="tracemalloc.stop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stop()</span></code></a>.</p>

  496. </dd></dl>

  497. 

  498. <dl class="py function">

  499. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.get_object_traceback">

  500. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_object_traceback</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_object_traceback" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  501. <dd><p>Get the traceback where the Python object <em>obj</em> was allocated.

  502. Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback</span></code></a> instance, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a>

  503. module is not tracing memory allocations or did not trace the allocation of

  504. the object.</p>

  505. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="gc.html#gc.get_referrers" title="gc.get_referrers"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc.get_referrers()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.getsizeof" title="sys.getsizeof"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getsizeof()</span></code></a> functions.</p>

  506. </dd></dl>

  507. 

  508. <dl class="py function">

  509. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit">

  510. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_traceback_limit</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  511. <dd><p>Get the maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of a trace.</p>

  512. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module must be tracing memory allocations to

  513. get the limit, otherwise an exception is raised.</p>

  514. <p>The limit is set by the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start()</span></code></a> function.</p>

  515. </dd></dl>

  516. 

  517. <dl class="py function">

  518. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.get_traced_memory">

  519. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_traced_memory</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_traced_memory" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  520. <dd><p>Get the current size and peak size of memory blocks traced by the

  521. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module as a tuple: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(current:</span> <span class="pre">int,</span> <span class="pre">peak:</span> <span class="pre">int)</span></code>.</p>

  522. </dd></dl>

  523. 

  524. <dl class="py function">

  525. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.reset_peak">

  526. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">reset_peak</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.reset_peak" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  527. <dd><p>Set the peak size of memory blocks traced by the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module

  528. to the current size.</p>

  529. <p>Do nothing if the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module is not tracing memory

  530. allocations.</p>

  531. <p>This function only modifies the recorded peak size, and does not modify or

  532. clear any traces, unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.clear_traces" title="tracemalloc.clear_traces"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear_traces()</span></code></a>. Snapshots taken with

  533. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="tracemalloc.take_snapshot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">take_snapshot()</span></code></a> before a call to <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.reset_peak" title="tracemalloc.reset_peak"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset_peak()</span></code></a> can be

  534. meaningfully compared to snapshots taken after the call.</p>

  535. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traced_memory" title="tracemalloc.get_traced_memory"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_traced_memory()</span></code></a>.</p>

  536. <div class="versionadded">

  537. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  538. </div>

  539. </dd></dl>

  540. 

  541. <dl class="py function">

  542. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.get_tracemalloc_memory">

  543. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_tracemalloc_memory</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.get_tracemalloc_memory" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  544. <dd><p>Get the memory usage in bytes of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module used to store

  545. traces of memory blocks.

  546. Return an <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>.</p>

  547. </dd></dl>

  548. 

  549. <dl class="py function">

  550. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.is_tracing">

  551. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_tracing</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.is_tracing" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  552. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module is tracing Python memory

  553. allocations, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>

  554. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.stop" title="tracemalloc.stop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stop()</span></code></a> functions.</p>

  555. </dd></dl>

  556. 

  557. <dl class="py function">

  558. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.start">

  559. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">start</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">nframe</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  560. <dd><p>Start tracing Python memory allocations: install hooks on Python memory

  561. allocators. Collected tracebacks of traces will be limited to <em>nframe</em>

  562. frames. By default, a trace of a memory block only stores the most recent

  563. frame: the limit is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>. <em>nframe</em> must be greater or equal to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>.</p>

  564. <p>You can still read the original number of total frames that composed the

  565. traceback by looking at the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe" title="tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback.total_nframe</span></code></a> attribute.</p>

  566. <p>Storing more than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> frame is only useful to compute statistics grouped

  567. by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'traceback'</span></code> or to compute cumulative statistics: see the

  568. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.compare_to()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.statistics()</span></code></a> methods.</p>

  569. <p>Storing more frames increases the memory and CPU overhead of the

  570. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_tracemalloc_memory" title="tracemalloc.get_tracemalloc_memory"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_tracemalloc_memory()</span></code></a> function

  571. to measure how much memory is used by the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module.</p>

  572. <p>The <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONTRACEMALLOC"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC</span></code></a> environment variable

  573. (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=NFRAME</span></code>) and the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-X"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-X</span></code></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc=NFRAME</span></code>

  574. command line option can be used to start tracing at startup.</p>

  575. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.stop" title="tracemalloc.stop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stop()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.is_tracing" title="tracemalloc.is_tracing"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_tracing()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_traceback_limit()</span></code></a>

  576. functions.</p>

  577. </dd></dl>

  578. 

  579. <dl class="py function">

  580. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.stop">

  581. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stop</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.stop" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  582. <dd><p>Stop tracing Python memory allocations: uninstall hooks on Python memory

  583. allocators. Also clears all previously collected traces of memory blocks

  584. allocated by Python.</p>

  585. <p>Call <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="tracemalloc.take_snapshot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">take_snapshot()</span></code></a> function to take a snapshot of traces before

  586. clearing them.</p>

  587. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.is_tracing" title="tracemalloc.is_tracing"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_tracing()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.clear_traces" title="tracemalloc.clear_traces"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear_traces()</span></code></a>

  588. functions.</p>

  589. </dd></dl>

  590. 

  591. <dl class="py function">

  592. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.take_snapshot">

  593. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">take_snapshot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  594. <dd><p>Take a snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python. Return a new

  595. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot</span></code></a> instance.</p>

  596. <p>The snapshot does not include memory blocks allocated before the

  597. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module started to trace memory allocations.</p>

  598. <p>Tracebacks of traces are limited to <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_traceback_limit()</span></code></a> frames. Use

  599. the <em>nframe</em> parameter of the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start()</span></code></a> function to store more frames.</p>

  600. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module must be tracing memory allocations to take a

  601. snapshot, see the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.start" title="tracemalloc.start"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start()</span></code></a> function.</p>

  602. <p>See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_object_traceback" title="tracemalloc.get_object_traceback"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_object_traceback()</span></code></a> function.</p>

  603. </dd></dl>

  604. 

  605. </section>

  606. <section id="domainfilter">

  607. <h3>DomainFilter<a class="headerlink" href="#domainfilter" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  608. <dl class="py class">

  609. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.DomainFilter">

  610. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DomainFilter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">inclusive</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">domain</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.DomainFilter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  611. <dd><p>Filter traces of memory blocks by their address space (domain).</p>

  612. <div class="versionadded">

  613. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>

  614. </div>

  615. <dl class="py attribute">

  616. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.DomainFilter.inclusive">

  617. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">inclusive</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.DomainFilter.inclusive" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  618. <dd><p>If <em>inclusive</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> (include), match memory blocks allocated

  619. in the address space <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.DomainFilter.domain" title="tracemalloc.DomainFilter.domain"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">domain</span></code></a>.</p>

  620. <p>If <em>inclusive</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> (exclude), match memory blocks not allocated

  621. in the address space <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.DomainFilter.domain" title="tracemalloc.DomainFilter.domain"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">domain</span></code></a>.</p>

  622. </dd></dl>

  623. 

  624. <dl class="py attribute">

  625. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.DomainFilter.domain">

  626. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">domain</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.DomainFilter.domain" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  627. <dd><p>Address space of a memory block (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>). Read-only property.</p>

  628. </dd></dl>

  629. 

  630. </dd></dl>

  631. 

  632. </section>

  633. <section id="filter">

  634. <h3>Filter<a class="headerlink" href="#filter" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  635. <dl class="py class">

  636. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Filter">

  637. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Filter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">inclusive</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename_pattern</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lineno</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">all_frames</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">domain</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  638. <dd><p>Filter on traces of memory blocks.</p>

  639. <p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="fnmatch.fnmatch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch.fnmatch()</span></code></a> function for the syntax of

  640. <em>filename_pattern</em>. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.pyc'</span></code> file extension is

  641. replaced with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.py'</span></code>.</p>

  642. <p>Examples:</p>

  643. <ul class="simple">

  644. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Filter(True,</span> <span class="pre">subprocess.__file__)</span></code> only includes traces of the

  645. <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code></a> module</p></li>

  646. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Filter(False,</span> <span class="pre">tracemalloc.__file__)</span></code> excludes traces of the

  647. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-tracemalloc" title="tracemalloc: Trace memory allocations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code></a> module</p></li>

  648. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Filter(False,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;&lt;unknown&gt;&quot;)</span></code> excludes empty tracebacks</p></li>

  649. </ul>

  650. <div class="versionchanged">

  651. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.pyo'</span></code> file extension is no longer replaced with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.py'</span></code>.</p>

  652. </div>

  653. <div class="versionchanged">

  654. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.domain" title="tracemalloc.Filter.domain"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">domain</span></code></a> attribute.</p>

  655. </div>

  656. <dl class="py attribute">

  657. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Filter.domain">

  658. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">domain</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.domain" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  659. <dd><p>Address space of a memory block (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>).</p>

  660. <p>tracemalloc uses the domain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to trace memory allocations made by

  661. Python. C extensions can use other domains to trace other resources.</p>

  662. </dd></dl>

  663. 

  664. <dl class="py attribute">

  665. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Filter.inclusive">

  666. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">inclusive</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.inclusive" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  667. <dd><p>If <em>inclusive</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> (include), only match memory blocks allocated

  668. in a file with a name matching <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern" title="tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename_pattern</span></code></a> at line number

  669. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.lineno" title="tracemalloc.Filter.lineno"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lineno</span></code></a>.</p>

  670. <p>If <em>inclusive</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> (exclude), ignore memory blocks allocated in

  671. a file with a name matching <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern" title="tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename_pattern</span></code></a> at line number

  672. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.lineno" title="tracemalloc.Filter.lineno"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lineno</span></code></a>.</p>

  673. </dd></dl>

  674. 

  675. <dl class="py attribute">

  676. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Filter.lineno">

  677. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lineno</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.lineno" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  678. <dd><p>Line number (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>) of the filter. If <em>lineno</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, the filter

  679. matches any line number.</p>

  680. </dd></dl>

  681. 

  682. <dl class="py attribute">

  683. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern">

  684. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">filename_pattern</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.filename_pattern" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  685. <dd><p>Filename pattern of the filter (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>). Read-only property.</p>

  686. </dd></dl>

  687. 

  688. <dl class="py attribute">

  689. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Filter.all_frames">

  690. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">all_frames</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Filter.all_frames" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  691. <dd><p>If <em>all_frames</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, all frames of the traceback are checked. If

  692. <em>all_frames</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, only the most recent frame is checked.</p>

  693. <p>This attribute has no effect if the traceback limit is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>.  See the

  694. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_traceback_limit()</span></code></a> function and <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.traceback_limit</span></code></a>

  695. attribute.</p>

  696. </dd></dl>

  697. 

  698. </dd></dl>

  699. 

  700. </section>

  701. <section id="frame">

  702. <h3>Frame<a class="headerlink" href="#frame" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  703. <dl class="py class">

  704. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Frame">

  705. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Frame</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Frame" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  706. <dd><p>Frame of a traceback.</p>

  707. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback</span></code></a> class is a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Frame" title="tracemalloc.Frame"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Frame</span></code></a> instances.</p>

  708. <dl class="py attribute">

  709. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Frame.filename">

  710. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">filename</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Frame.filename" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  711. <dd><p>Filename (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>).</p>

  712. </dd></dl>

  713. 

  714. <dl class="py attribute">

  715. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Frame.lineno">

  716. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lineno</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Frame.lineno" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  717. <dd><p>Line number (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>).</p>

  718. </dd></dl>

  719. 

  720. </dd></dl>

  721. 

  722. </section>

  723. <section id="snapshot">

  724. <h3>Snapshot<a class="headerlink" href="#snapshot" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  725. <dl class="py class">

  726. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot">

  727. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Snapshot</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  728. <dd><p>Snapshot of traces of memory blocks allocated by Python.</p>

  729. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="tracemalloc.take_snapshot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">take_snapshot()</span></code></a> function creates a snapshot instance.</p>

  730. <dl class="py method">

  731. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to">

  732. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">compare_to</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">old_snapshot</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><span class="pre">Snapshot</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key_type</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cumulative</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  733. <dd><p>Compute the differences with an old snapshot. Get statistics as a sorted

  734. list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff</span></code></a> instances grouped by <em>key_type</em>.</p>

  735. <p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.statistics()</span></code></a> method for <em>key_type</em> and <em>cumulative</em>

  736. parameters.</p>

  737. <p>The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by: absolute value

  738. of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size_diff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size_diff"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff.size_diff</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff.size</span></code></a>, absolute

  739. value of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count_diff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count_diff"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff.count_diff</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.count" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.count"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistic.count</span></code></a> and

  740. then by <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.traceback" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.traceback"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff.traceback</span></code></a>.</p>

  741. </dd></dl>

  742. 

  743. <dl class="py method">

  744. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump">

  745. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dump</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  746. <dd><p>Write the snapshot into a file.</p>

  747. <p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.load" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.load"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">load()</span></code></a> to reload the snapshot.</p>

  748. </dd></dl>

  749. 

  750. <dl class="py method">

  751. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot.filter_traces">

  752. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">filter_traces</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filters</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.filter_traces" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  753. <dd><p>Create a new <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot</span></code></a> instance with a filtered <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traces</span></code></a>

  754. sequence, <em>filters</em> is a list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.DomainFilter" title="tracemalloc.DomainFilter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DomainFilter</span></code></a> and

  755. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Filter" title="tracemalloc.Filter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Filter</span></code></a> instances.  If <em>filters</em> is an empty list, return a new

  756. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot</span></code></a> instance with a copy of the traces.</p>

  757. <p>All inclusive filters are applied at once, a trace is ignored if no

  758. inclusive filters match it. A trace is ignored if at least one exclusive

  759. filter matches it.</p>

  760. <div class="versionchanged">

  761. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.DomainFilter" title="tracemalloc.DomainFilter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DomainFilter</span></code></a> instances are now also accepted in <em>filters</em>.</p>

  762. </div>

  763. </dd></dl>

  764. 

  765. <dl class="py method">

  766. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot.load">

  767. <em class="property"><span class="pre">classmethod</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">load</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.load" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  768. <dd><p>Load a snapshot from a file.</p>

  769. <p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.dump"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump()</span></code></a>.</p>

  770. </dd></dl>

  771. 

  772. <dl class="py method">

  773. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics">

  774. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">statistics</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key_type</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><span class="pre">str</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cumulative</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  775. <dd><p>Get statistics as a sorted list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="tracemalloc.Statistic"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistic</span></code></a> instances grouped

  776. by <em>key_type</em>:</p>

  777. <table class="docutils align-default">

  778. <thead>

  779. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>key_type</p></th>

  780. <th class="head"><p>description</p></th>

  781. </tr>

  782. </thead>

  783. <tbody>

  784. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'filename'</span></code></p></td>

  785. <td><p>filename</p></td>

  786. </tr>

  787. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'lineno'</span></code></p></td>

  788. <td><p>filename and line number</p></td>

  789. </tr>

  790. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'traceback'</span></code></p></td>

  791. <td><p>traceback</p></td>

  792. </tr>

  793. </tbody>

  794. </table>

  795. <p>If <em>cumulative</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, cumulate size and count of memory blocks of

  796. all frames of the traceback of a trace, not only the most recent frame.

  797. The cumulative mode can only be used with <em>key_type</em> equals to

  798. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'filename'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'lineno'</span></code>.</p>

  799. <p>The result is sorted from the biggest to the smallest by:

  800. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.size" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.size"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistic.size</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.count" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.count"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistic.count</span></code></a> and then by

  801. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.traceback" title="tracemalloc.Statistic.traceback"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistic.traceback</span></code></a>.</p>

  802. </dd></dl>

  803. 

  804. <dl class="py attribute">

  805. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traceback_limit">

  806. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">traceback_limit</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traceback_limit" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  807. <dd><p>Maximum number of frames stored in the traceback of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traces</span></code></a>:

  808. result of the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_traceback_limit()</span></code></a> when the snapshot was taken.</p>

  809. </dd></dl>

  810. 

  811. <dl class="py attribute">

  812. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces">

  813. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">traces</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  814. <dd><p>Traces of all memory blocks allocated by Python: sequence of

  815. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Trace" title="tracemalloc.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a> instances.</p>

  816. <p>The sequence has an undefined order. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.statistics()</span></code></a>

  817. method to get a sorted list of statistics.</p>

  818. </dd></dl>

  819. 

  820. </dd></dl>

  821. 

  822. </section>

  823. <section id="statistic">

  824. <h3>Statistic<a class="headerlink" href="#statistic" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  825. <dl class="py class">

  826. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Statistic">

  827. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Statistic</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  828. <dd><p>Statistic on memory allocations.</p>

  829. <p><a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.statistics"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.statistics()</span></code></a> returns a list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="tracemalloc.Statistic"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistic</span></code></a> instances.</p>

  830. <p>See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff</span></code></a> class.</p>

  831. <dl class="py attribute">

  832. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Statistic.count">

  833. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">count</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.count" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  834. <dd><p>Number of memory blocks (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>).</p>

  835. </dd></dl>

  836. 

  837. <dl class="py attribute">

  838. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Statistic.size">

  839. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">size</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.size" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  840. <dd><p>Total size of memory blocks in bytes (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>).</p>

  841. </dd></dl>

  842. 

  843. <dl class="py attribute">

  844. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Statistic.traceback">

  845. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">traceback</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic.traceback" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  846. <dd><p>Traceback where the memory block was allocated, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback</span></code></a>

  847. instance.</p>

  848. </dd></dl>

  849. 

  850. </dd></dl>

  851. 

  852. </section>

  853. <section id="statisticdiff">

  854. <h3>StatisticDiff<a class="headerlink" href="#statisticdiff" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  855. <dl class="py class">

  856. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff">

  857. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  858. <dd><p>Statistic difference on memory allocations between an old and a new

  859. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot</span></code></a> instance.</p>

  860. <p><a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.compare_to"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.compare_to()</span></code></a> returns a list of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff" title="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StatisticDiff</span></code></a>

  861. instances. See also the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Statistic" title="tracemalloc.Statistic"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Statistic</span></code></a> class.</p>

  862. <dl class="py attribute">

  863. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count">

  864. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">count</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  865. <dd><p>Number of memory blocks in the new snapshot (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>): <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if

  866. the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.</p>

  867. </dd></dl>

  868. 

  869. <dl class="py attribute">

  870. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count_diff">

  871. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">count_diff</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.count_diff" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  872. <dd><p>Difference of number of memory blocks between the old and the new

  873. snapshots (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>): <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if the memory blocks have been allocated in

  874. the new snapshot.</p>

  875. </dd></dl>

  876. 

  877. <dl class="py attribute">

  878. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size">

  879. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">size</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  880. <dd><p>Total size of memory blocks in bytes in the new snapshot (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>):

  881. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if the memory blocks have been released in the new snapshot.</p>

  882. </dd></dl>

  883. 

  884. <dl class="py attribute">

  885. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size_diff">

  886. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">size_diff</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.size_diff" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  887. <dd><p>Difference of total size of memory blocks in bytes between the old and

  888. the new snapshots (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>): <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if the memory blocks have been

  889. allocated in the new snapshot.</p>

  890. </dd></dl>

  891. 

  892. <dl class="py attribute">

  893. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.traceback">

  894. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">traceback</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.StatisticDiff.traceback" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  895. <dd><p>Traceback where the memory blocks were allocated, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback</span></code></a>

  896. instance.</p>

  897. </dd></dl>

  898. 

  899. </dd></dl>

  900. 

  901. </section>

  902. <section id="trace">

  903. <h3>Trace<a class="headerlink" href="#trace" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  904. <dl class="py class">

  905. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Trace">

  906. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Trace</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Trace" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  907. <dd><p>Trace of a memory block.</p>

  908. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces" title="tracemalloc.Snapshot.traces"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Snapshot.traces</span></code></a> attribute is a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Trace" title="tracemalloc.Trace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace</span></code></a>

  909. instances.</p>

  910. <div class="versionchanged">

  911. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Trace.domain" title="tracemalloc.Trace.domain"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">domain</span></code></a> attribute.</p>

  912. </div>

  913. <dl class="py attribute">

  914. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Trace.domain">

  915. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">domain</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Trace.domain" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  916. <dd><p>Address space of a memory block (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>). Read-only property.</p>

  917. <p>tracemalloc uses the domain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> to trace memory allocations made by

  918. Python. C extensions can use other domains to trace other resources.</p>

  919. </dd></dl>

  920. 

  921. <dl class="py attribute">

  922. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Trace.size">

  923. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">size</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Trace.size" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  924. <dd><p>Size of the memory block in bytes (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>).</p>

  925. </dd></dl>

  926. 

  927. <dl class="py attribute">

  928. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Trace.traceback">

  929. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">traceback</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Trace.traceback" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  930. <dd><p>Traceback where the memory block was allocated, <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback</span></code></a>

  931. instance.</p>

  932. </dd></dl>

  933. 

  934. </dd></dl>

  935. 

  936. </section>

  937. <section id="traceback">

  938. <h3>Traceback<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  939. <dl class="py class">

  940. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Traceback">

  941. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">tracemalloc.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Traceback</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  942. <dd><p>Sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Frame" title="tracemalloc.Frame"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Frame</span></code></a> instances sorted from the oldest frame to the

  943. most recent frame.</p>

  944. <p>A traceback contains at least <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> frame. If the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> module

  945. failed to get a frame, the filename <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;&lt;unknown&gt;&quot;</span></code> at line number <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> is

  946. used.</p>

  947. <p>When a snapshot is taken, tracebacks of traces are limited to

  948. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit" title="tracemalloc.get_traceback_limit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_traceback_limit()</span></code></a> frames. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.take_snapshot" title="tracemalloc.take_snapshot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">take_snapshot()</span></code></a> function.

  949. The original number of frames of the traceback is stored in the

  950. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe" title="tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback.total_nframe</span></code></a> attribute. That allows to know if a traceback

  951. has been truncated by the traceback limit.</p>

  952. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Trace.traceback" title="tracemalloc.Trace.traceback"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Trace.traceback</span></code></a> attribute is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback" title="tracemalloc.Traceback"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback</span></code></a>

  953. instance.</p>

  954. <div class="versionchanged">

  955. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Frames are now sorted from the oldest to the most recent, instead of most recent to oldest.</p>

  956. </div>

  957. <dl class="py attribute">

  958. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe">

  959. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">total_nframe</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  960. <dd><p>Total number of frames that composed the traceback before truncation.

  961. This attribute can be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if the information is not

  962. available.</p>

  963. </dd></dl>

  964. 

  965. <div class="versionchanged">

  966. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.9: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe" title="tracemalloc.Traceback.total_nframe"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Traceback.total_nframe</span></code></a> attribute was added.</p>

  967. </div>

  968. <dl class="py method">

  969. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="tracemalloc.Traceback.format">

  970. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">format</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">limit</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">most_recent_first</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.format" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  971. <dd><p>Format the traceback as a list of lines. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html#module-linecache" title="linecache: Provides random access to individual lines from text files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code></a> module to

  972. retrieve lines from the source code. If <em>limit</em> is set, format the <em>limit</em>

  973. most recent frames if <em>limit</em> is positive. Otherwise, format the

  974. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abs(limit)</span></code> oldest frames. If <em>most_recent_first</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the order

  975. of the formatted frames is reversed, returning the most recent frame first

  976. instead of last.</p>

  977. <p>Similar to the <a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html#traceback.format_tb" title="traceback.format_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback.format_tb()</span></code></a> function, except that

  978. <a class="reference internal" href="#tracemalloc.Traceback.format" title="tracemalloc.Traceback.format"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format()</span></code></a> does not include newlines.</p>

  979. <p>Example:</p>

  980. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Traceback (most recent call first):&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  981. <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">traceback</span><span class="p">:</span>

  982.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span>

  983. </pre></div>

  984. </div>

  985. <p>Output:</p>

  986. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">first</span><span class="p">):</span>

  987.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;test.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">9</span>

  988.     <span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Object</span><span class="p">()</span>

  989.   <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s2">&quot;test.py&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">12</span>

  990.     <span class="n">tb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tracemalloc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_object_traceback</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">())</span>

  991. </pre></div>

  992. </div>

  993. </dd></dl>

  994. 

  995. </dd></dl>

  996. 

  997. </section>

  998. </section>

  999. </section>

  1000. 

  1001. 

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  1008.   <div>

  1009.     <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>

  1010.     <ul>

  1011. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> — Trace memory allocations</a><ul>

  1012. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  1013. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#display-the-top-10">Display the top 10</a></li>

  1014. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#compute-differences">Compute differences</a></li>

  1015. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block">Get the traceback of a memory block</a></li>

  1016. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pretty-top">Pretty top</a><ul>

  1017. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#record-the-current-and-peak-size-of-all-traced-memory-blocks">Record the current and peak size of all traced memory blocks</a></li>

  1018. </ul>

  1019. </li>

  1020. </ul>

  1021. </li>

  1022. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#api">API</a><ul>

  1023. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#functions">Functions</a></li>

  1024. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#domainfilter">DomainFilter</a></li>

  1025. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#filter">Filter</a></li>

  1026. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#frame">Frame</a></li>

  1027. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#snapshot">Snapshot</a></li>

  1028. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#statistic">Statistic</a></li>

  1029. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#statisticdiff">StatisticDiff</a></li>

  1030. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#trace">Trace</a></li>

  1031. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback">Traceback</a></li>

  1032. </ul>

  1033. </li>

  1034. </ul>

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