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  192.   <section id="module-pdb">

  193. <span id="pdb-the-python-debugger"></span><span id="debugger"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> — The Python Debugger<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pdb" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  194. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/pdb.py">Lib/pdb.py</a></p>

  195. <hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />

  196. <p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> defines an interactive source code debugger for Python

  197. programs.  It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and single stepping at

  198. the source line level, inspection of stack frames, source code listing, and

  199. evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the context of any stack frame.  It also

  200. supports post-mortem debugging and can be called under program control.</p>

  201. <p id="index-1">The debugger is extensible – it is actually defined as the class <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a>.

  202. This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading the source.  The

  203. extension interface uses the modules <a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html#module-bdb" title="bdb: Debugger framework."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code></a>.</p>

  204. <div class="admonition seealso">

  205. <p class="admonition-title">See also</p>

  206. <dl class="simple">

  207. <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html#module-faulthandler" title="faulthandler: Dump the Python traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Used to dump Python tracebacks explicitly, on a fault, after a timeout,

  208. or on a user signal.</p>

  209. </dd>

  210. <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html#module-traceback" title="traceback: Print or retrieve a stack traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Standard interface to extract, format and print stack traces of Python programs.</p>

  211. </dd>

  212. </dl>

  213. </div>

  214. <p>The typical usage to break into the debugger is to insert:</p>

  215. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_trace</span><span class="p">()</span>

  216. </pre></div>

  217. </div>

  218. <p>Or:</p>

  219. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">breakpoint</span><span class="p">()</span>

  220. </pre></div>

  221. </div>

  222. <p>at the location you want to break into the debugger, and then run the program.

  223. You can then step through the code following this statement, and continue

  224. running without the debugger using the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> command.</p>

  225. <div class="versionchanged">

  226. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>The built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#breakpoint" title="breakpoint"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">breakpoint()</span></code></a>, when called with defaults, can be used

  227. instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">pdb;</span> <span class="pre">pdb.set_trace()</span></code>.</p>

  228. </div>

  229. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">double</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>

  230.    <span class="nb">breakpoint</span><span class="p">()</span>

  231.    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>

  232. <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>

  233. <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> * 2 is </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">double</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  234. </pre></div>

  235. </div>

  236. <p>The debugger’s prompt is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(Pdb)</span></code>, which is the indicator that you are in debug mode:</p>

  237. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">double</span><span class="p">()</span>

  238. <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>

  239. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="n">x</span>

  240. <span class="mi">3</span>

  241. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">continue</span>

  242. <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">6</span>

  243. </pre></div>

  244. </div>

  245. <div class="versionchanged">

  246. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Tab-completion via the <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> module is available for commands and

  247. command arguments, e.g. the current global and local names are offered as

  248. arguments of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code> command.</p>

  249. </div>

  250. <p>You can also invoke <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> from the command line to debug other scripts.  For

  251. example:</p>

  252. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">pdb</span> <span class="n">myscript</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>

  253. </pre></div>

  254. </div>

  255. <p>When invoked as a module, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem debugging if

  256. the program being debugged exits abnormally.  After post-mortem debugging (or

  257. after normal exit of the program), pdb will restart the program.  Automatic

  258. restarting preserves pdb’s state (such as breakpoints) and in most cases is more

  259. useful than quitting the debugger upon program’s exit.</p>

  260. <div class="versionchanged">

  261. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code> option to execute commands as if given

  262. in a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> file; see <a class="reference internal" href="#debugger-commands"><span class="std std-ref">Debugger Commands</span></a>.</p>

  263. </div>

  264. <div class="versionchanged">

  265. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code> option to execute modules similar to the way

  266. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span></code> does. As with a script, the debugger will pause execution just

  267. before the first line of the module.</p>

  268. </div>

  269. <p>Typical usage to execute a statement under control of the debugger is:</p>

  270. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span>

  271. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>

  272. <span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>

  273. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;f(2)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  274. <span class="go">&gt; &lt;string&gt;(1)&lt;module&gt;()</span>

  275. <span class="go">(Pdb) continue</span>

  276. <span class="go">0.5</span>

  277. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>

  278. </pre></div>

  279. </div>

  280. <p>The typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:</p>

  281. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span>

  282. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>

  283. <span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>

  284. <span class="gp">...</span>

  285. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>

  286. <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>

  287.   File <span class="nb">&quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n">&lt;module&gt;</span>

  288.   File <span class="nb">&quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">2</span>, in <span class="n">f</span>

  289. <span class="gr">ZeroDivisionError</span>: <span class="n">division by zero</span>

  290. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pm</span><span class="p">()</span>

  291. <span class="go">&gt; &lt;stdin&gt;(2)f()</span>

  292. <span class="go">(Pdb) p x</span>

  293. <span class="go">0</span>

  294. <span class="go">(Pdb)</span>

  295. </pre></div>

  296. </div>

  297. <p>The module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger in a

  298. slightly different way:</p>

  299. <dl class="py function">

  300. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.run">

  301. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pdb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">run</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">statement</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.run" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  302. <dd><p>Execute the <em>statement</em> (given as a string or a code object) under debugger

  303. control.  The debugger prompt appears before any code is executed; you can

  304. set breakpoints and type <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a>, or you can step through the

  305. statement using <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a> (all these commands are

  306. explained below).  The optional <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> arguments specify the

  307. environment in which the code is executed; by default the dictionary of the

  308. module <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where top-level code is run. Covers command-line interfaces, import-time behavior, and ``__name__ == '__main__'``."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> is used.  (See the explanation of the built-in

  309. <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval" title="eval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code></a> functions.)</p>

  310. </dd></dl>

  311. 

  312. <dl class="py function">

  313. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.runeval">

  314. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pdb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runeval</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">expression</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runeval" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  315. <dd><p>Evaluate the <em>expression</em> (given as a string or a code object) under debugger

  316. control.  When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runeval" title="pdb.runeval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runeval()</span></code></a> returns, it returns the value of the

  317. <em>expression</em>.  Otherwise this function is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.run" title="pdb.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run()</span></code></a>.</p>

  318. </dd></dl>

  319. 

  320. <dl class="py function">

  321. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.runcall">

  322. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pdb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runcall</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">function</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwds</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runcall" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  323. <dd><p>Call the <em>function</em> (a function or method object, not a string) with the

  324. given arguments.  When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runcall" title="pdb.runcall"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runcall()</span></code></a> returns, it returns whatever the

  325. function call returned.  The debugger prompt appears as soon as the function

  326. is entered.</p>

  327. </dd></dl>

  328. 

  329. <dl class="py function">

  330. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.set_trace">

  331. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pdb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">set_trace</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">header</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  332. <dd><p>Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame.  This is useful to hard-code

  333. a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the code is not

  334. otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion fails).  If given,

  335. <em>header</em> is printed to the console just before debugging begins.</p>

  336. <div class="versionchanged">

  337. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>The keyword-only argument <em>header</em>.</p>

  338. </div>

  339. </dd></dl>

  340. 

  341. <dl class="py function">

  342. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.post_mortem">

  343. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pdb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">post_mortem</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">traceback</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.post_mortem" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  344. <dd><p>Enter post-mortem debugging of the given <em>traceback</em> object.  If no

  345. <em>traceback</em> is given, it uses the one of the exception that is currently

  346. being handled (an exception must be being handled if the default is to be

  347. used).</p>

  348. </dd></dl>

  349. 

  350. <dl class="py function">

  351. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.pm">

  352. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pdb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pm</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.pm" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  353. <dd><p>Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in

  354. <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.last_traceback" title="sys.last_traceback"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.last_traceback</span></code></a>.</p>

  355. </dd></dl>

  356. 

  357. <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run*</span></code> functions and <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="pdb.set_trace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_trace()</span></code></a> are aliases for instantiating the

  358. <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a> class and calling the method of the same name.  If you want to

  359. access further features, you have to do this yourself:</p>

  360. <dl class="py class">

  361. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb">

  362. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pdb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">completekey</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'tab'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stdin</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stdout</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">skip</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">nosigint</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">readrc</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  363. <dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a> is the debugger class.</p>

  364. <p>The <em>completekey</em>, <em>stdin</em> and <em>stdout</em> arguments are passed to the

  365. underlying <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd.Cmd</span></code></a> class; see the description there.</p>

  366. <p>The <em>skip</em> argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style module name

  367. patterns.  The debugger will not step into frames that originate in a module

  368. that matches one of these patterns. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id3" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p>

  369. <p>By default, Pdb sets a handler for the SIGINT signal (which is sent when the

  370. user presses <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C</kbd></kbd> on the console) when you give a <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> command.

  371. This allows you to break into the debugger again by pressing <kbd class="kbd compound docutils literal notranslate"><kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C</kbd></kbd>.  If you

  372. want Pdb not to touch the SIGINT handler, set <em>nosigint</em> to true.</p>

  373. <p>The <em>readrc</em> argument defaults to true and controls whether Pdb will load

  374. .pdbrc files from the filesystem.</p>

  375. <p>Example call to enable tracing with <em>skip</em>:</p>

  376. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;django.*&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_trace</span><span class="p">()</span>

  377. </pre></div>

  378. </div>

  379. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb.Pdb</span></code> with no arguments.</p>

  380. <div class="versionchanged">

  381. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.1: </span>Added the <em>skip</em> parameter.</p>

  382. </div>

  383. <div class="versionchanged">

  384. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added the <em>nosigint</em> parameter.

  385. Previously, a SIGINT handler was never set by Pdb.</p>

  386. </div>

  387. <div class="versionchanged">

  388. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>The <em>readrc</em> argument.</p>

  389. </div>

  390. <dl class="py method">

  391. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.run">

  392. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">run</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">statement</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.run" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  393. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.runeval">

  394. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runeval</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">expression</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">locals</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runeval" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  395. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.runcall">

  396. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">runcall</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">function</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwds</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runcall" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  397. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pdb.Pdb.set_trace">

  398. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">set_trace</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.set_trace" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  399. <dd><p>See the documentation for the functions explained above.</p>

  400. </dd></dl>

  401. 

  402. </dd></dl>

  403. 

  404. <section id="debugger-commands">

  405. <span id="id2"></span><h2>Debugger Commands<a class="headerlink" href="#debugger-commands" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  406. <p>The commands recognized by the debugger are listed below.  Most commands can be

  407. abbreviated to one or two letters as indicated; e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h(elp)</span></code> means that

  408. either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span></code> can be used to enter the help command (but not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">he</span></code>

  409. or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hel</span></code>, nor <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">H</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Help</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HELP</span></code>).  Arguments to commands must be

  410. separated by whitespace (spaces or tabs).  Optional arguments are enclosed in

  411. square brackets (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[]</span></code>) in the command syntax; the square brackets must not be

  412. typed.  Alternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical bar

  413. (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">|</span></code>).</p>

  414. <p>Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered.  Exception: if the last

  415. command was a <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-list"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> command, the next 11 lines are listed.</p>

  416. <p>Commands that the debugger doesn’t recognize are assumed to be Python statements

  417. and are executed in the context of the program being debugged.  Python

  418. statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation point (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code>).  This is a

  419. powerful way to inspect the program being debugged; it is even possible to

  420. change a variable or call a function.  When an exception occurs in such a

  421. statement, the exception name is printed but the debugger’s state is not

  422. changed.</p>

  423. <p>The debugger supports <a class="reference internal" href="#debugger-aliases"><span class="std std-ref">aliases</span></a>.  Aliases can have

  424. parameters which allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under

  425. examination.</p>

  426. <p>Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;;</span></code>.  (A

  427. single <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;</span></code> is not used as it is the separator for multiple commands in a line

  428. that is passed to the Python parser.)  No intelligence is applied to separating

  429. the commands; the input is split at the first <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;;</span></code> pair, even if it is in the

  430. middle of a quoted string. A workaround for strings with double semicolons

  431. is to use implicit string concatenation <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">';'';'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;;&quot;&quot;;&quot;</span></code>.</p>

  432. <p>To set a temporary global variable, use a <em>convenience variable</em>. A <em>convenience

  433. variable</em> is a variable whose name starts with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$</span></code>.  For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$foo</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>

  434. sets a global variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$foo</span></code> which you can use in the debugger session.  The

  435. <em>convenience variables</em> are cleared when the program resumes execution so it’s

  436. less likely to interfere with your program compared to using normal variables

  437. like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>.</p>

  438. <p>There are three preset <em>convenience variables</em>:</p>

  439. <ul class="simple">

  440. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$_frame</span></code>: the current frame you are debugging</p></li>

  441. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$_retval</span></code>: the return value if the frame is returning</p></li>

  442. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$_exception</span></code>: the exception if the frame is raising an exception</p></li>

  443. </ul>

  444. <div class="versionadded">

  445. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  446. </div>

  447. <p id="index-2">If a file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> exists in the user’s home directory or in the current

  448. directory, it is read with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></code> encoding and executed as if it had been

  449. typed at the debugger prompt, with the exception that empty lines and lines

  450. starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#</span></code> are ignored.  This is particularly useful for aliases.  If both

  451. files exist, the one in the home directory is read first and aliases defined there

  452. can be overridden by the local file.</p>

  453. <div class="versionchanged">

  454. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> can now contain commands that continue debugging, such as

  455. <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a>.  Previously, these commands had no

  456. effect.</p>

  457. </div>

  458. <div class="versionchanged">

  459. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> is now read with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></code> encoding. Previously, it was read

  460. with the system locale encoding.</p>

  461. </div>

  462. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  463. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-help">

  464. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">h(elp)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[command]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-help" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  465. <dd><p>Without argument, print the list of available commands.  With a <em>command</em> as

  466. argument, print help about that command.  <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">pdb</span></code> displays the full

  467. documentation (the docstring of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> module).  Since the <em>command</em>

  468. argument must be an identifier, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">exec</span></code> must be entered to get help on

  469. the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code> command.</p>

  470. </dd></dl>

  471. 

  472. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  473. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-where">

  474. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">w(here)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-where" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  475. <dd><p>Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom.  An arrow (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;</span></code>)

  476. indicates the current frame, which determines the context of most commands.</p>

  477. </dd></dl>

  478. 

  479. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  480. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-down">

  481. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">d(own)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[count]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-down" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  482. <dd><p>Move the current frame <em>count</em> (default one) levels down in the stack trace

  483. (to a newer frame).</p>

  484. </dd></dl>

  485. 

  486. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  487. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-up">

  488. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">u(p)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[count]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-up" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  489. <dd><p>Move the current frame <em>count</em> (default one) levels up in the stack trace (to

  490. an older frame).</p>

  491. </dd></dl>

  492. 

  493. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  494. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-break">

  495. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b(reak)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[([filename:]lineno</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">function)</span> <span class="pre">[,</span> <span class="pre">condition]]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-break" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  496. <dd><p>With a <em>lineno</em> argument, set a break there in the current file.  With a

  497. <em>function</em> argument, set a break at the first executable statement within

  498. that function.  The line number may be prefixed with a filename and a colon,

  499. to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that hasn’t been loaded

  500. yet).  The file is searched on <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>.  Note that each breakpoint

  501. is assigned a number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.</p>

  502. <p>If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must evaluate to

  503. true before the breakpoint is honored.</p>

  504. <p>Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint, the number

  505. of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current ignore count, and the

  506. associated condition if any.</p>

  507. </dd></dl>

  508. 

  509. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  510. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-tbreak">

  511. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">tbreak</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[([filename:]lineno</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">function)</span> <span class="pre">[,</span> <span class="pre">condition]]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-tbreak" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  512. <dd><p>Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is first hit.

  513. The arguments are the same as for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-break"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code></a>.</p>

  514. </dd></dl>

  515. 

  516. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  517. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-clear">

  518. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">cl(ear)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[filename:lineno</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">bpnumber</span> <span class="pre">...]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-clear" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  519. <dd><p>With a <em>filename:lineno</em> argument, clear all the breakpoints at this line.

  520. With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear those breakpoints.

  521. Without argument, clear all breaks (but first ask confirmation).</p>

  522. </dd></dl>

  523. 

  524. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  525. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-disable">

  526. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">disable</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">bpnumber</span> <span class="pre">[bpnumber</span> <span class="pre">...]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-disable" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  527. <dd><p>Disable the breakpoints given as a space separated list of breakpoint

  528. numbers.  Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause the program to stop

  529. execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it remains in the list of

  530. breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.</p>

  531. </dd></dl>

  532. 

  533. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  534. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-enable">

  535. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">enable</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">bpnumber</span> <span class="pre">[bpnumber</span> <span class="pre">...]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-enable" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  536. <dd><p>Enable the breakpoints specified.</p>

  537. </dd></dl>

  538. 

  539. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  540. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-ignore">

  541. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ignore</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">bpnumber</span> <span class="pre">[count]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-ignore" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  542. <dd><p>Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number.  If <em>count</em> is omitted,

  543. the ignore count is set to 0.  A breakpoint becomes active when the ignore

  544. count is zero.  When non-zero, the <em>count</em> is decremented each time the

  545. breakpoint is reached and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated

  546. condition evaluates to true.</p>

  547. </dd></dl>

  548. 

  549. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  550. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-condition">

  551. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">condition</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">bpnumber</span> <span class="pre">[condition]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-condition" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  552. <dd><p>Set a new <em>condition</em> for the breakpoint, an expression which must evaluate

  553. to true before the breakpoint is honored.  If <em>condition</em> is absent, any

  554. existing condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint is made unconditional.</p>

  555. </dd></dl>

  556. 

  557. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  558. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-commands">

  559. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">commands</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[bpnumber]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-commands" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  560. <dd><p>Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number <em>bpnumber</em>.  The commands

  561. themselves appear on the following lines.  Type a line containing just

  562. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code> to terminate the commands. An example:</p>

  563. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">commands</span> <span class="mi">1</span>

  564. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="n">some_variable</span>

  565. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">end</span>

  566. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span>

  567. </pre></div>

  568. </div>

  569. <p>To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commands</span></code> and follow it

  570. immediately with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code>; that is, give no commands.</p>

  571. <p>With no <em>bpnumber</em> argument, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commands</span></code> refers to the last breakpoint set.</p>

  572. <p>You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again.  Simply use

  573. the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> command, or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a>,

  574. or any other command that resumes execution.</p>

  575. <p>Specifying any command resuming execution

  576. (currently <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a>,

  577. <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-return"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-jump"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jump</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-quit"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quit</span></code></a> and their abbreviations)

  578. terminates the command list (as if

  579. that command was immediately followed by end). This is because any time you

  580. resume execution (even with a simple next or step), you may encounter another

  581. breakpoint—which could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about

  582. which list to execute.</p>

  583. <p>If you use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">silent</span></code> command in the command list, the usual message about

  584. stopping at a breakpoint is not printed.  This may be desirable for breakpoints

  585. that are to print a specific message and then continue.  If none of the other

  586. commands print anything, you see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.</p>

  587. </dd></dl>

  588. 

  589. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  590. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-step">

  591. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">s(tep)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-step" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  592. <dd><p>Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion (either in a

  593. function that is called or on the next line in the current function).</p>

  594. </dd></dl>

  595. 

  596. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  597. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-next">

  598. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">n(ext)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-next" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  599. <dd><p>Continue execution until the next line in the current function is reached or

  600. it returns.  (The difference between <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a> is

  601. that <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a> stops inside a called function, while <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a>

  602. executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only stopping at the next

  603. line in the current function.)</p>

  604. </dd></dl>

  605. 

  606. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  607. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-until">

  608. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unt(il)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[lineno]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-until" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  609. <dd><p>Without argument, continue execution until the line with a number greater

  610. than the current one is reached.</p>

  611. <p>With <em>lineno</em>, continue execution until a line with a number greater or

  612. equal to <em>lineno</em> is reached.  In both cases, also stop when the current frame

  613. returns.</p>

  614. <div class="versionchanged">

  615. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Allow giving an explicit line number.</p>

  616. </div>

  617. </dd></dl>

  618. 

  619. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  620. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-return">

  621. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">r(eturn)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-return" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  622. <dd><p>Continue execution until the current function returns.</p>

  623. </dd></dl>

  624. 

  625. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  626. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-continue">

  627. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">c(ont(inue))</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-continue" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  628. <dd><p>Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.</p>

  629. </dd></dl>

  630. 

  631. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  632. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-jump">

  633. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">j(ump)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">lineno</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-jump" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  634. <dd><p>Set the next line that will be executed.  Only available in the bottom-most

  635. frame.  This lets you jump back and execute code again, or jump forward to

  636. skip code that you don’t want to run.</p>

  637. <p>It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed – for instance it is not

  638. possible to jump into the middle of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code></a> loop or out of a

  639. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clause.</p>

  640. </dd></dl>

  641. 

  642. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  643. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-list">

  644. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">l(ist)</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[first[,</span> <span class="pre">last]]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-list" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  645. <dd><p>List source code for the current file.  Without arguments, list 11 lines

  646. around the current line or continue the previous listing.  With <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.</span></code> as

  647. argument, list 11 lines around the current line.  With one argument,

  648. list 11 lines around at that line.  With two arguments, list the given range;

  649. if the second argument is less than the first, it is interpreted as a count.</p>

  650. <p>The current line in the current frame is indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-&gt;</span></code>.  If an

  651. exception is being debugged, the line where the exception was originally

  652. raised or propagated is indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></code>, if it differs from the current

  653. line.</p>

  654. <div class="versionchanged">

  655. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></code> marker.</p>

  656. </div>

  657. </dd></dl>

  658. 

  659. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  660. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-ll">

  661. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ll</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">longlist</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-ll" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  662. <dd><p>List all source code for the current function or frame.  Interesting lines

  663. are marked as for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-list"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>.</p>

  664. <div class="versionadded">

  665. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  666. </div>

  667. </dd></dl>

  668. 

  669. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  670. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-args">

  671. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a(rgs)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-args" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  672. <dd><p>Print the arguments of the current function and their current values.</p>

  673. </dd></dl>

  674. 

  675. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  676. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-p">

  677. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">expression</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-p" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  678. <dd><p>Evaluate <em>expression</em> in the current context and print its value.</p>

  679. <div class="admonition note">

  680. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  681. <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code> can also be used, but is not a debugger command — this executes the

  682. Python <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a> function.</p>

  683. </div>

  684. </dd></dl>

  685. 

  686. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  687. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-pp">

  688. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pp</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">expression</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-pp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  689. <dd><p>Like the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-p"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code></a> command, except the value of <em>expression</em> is

  690. pretty-printed using the <a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code></a> module.</p>

  691. </dd></dl>

  692. 

  693. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  694. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-whatis">

  695. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">whatis</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">expression</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-whatis" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  696. <dd><p>Print the type of <em>expression</em>.</p>

  697. </dd></dl>

  698. 

  699. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  700. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-source">

  701. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">source</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">expression</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-source" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  702. <dd><p>Try to get source code of <em>expression</em> and display it.</p>

  703. <div class="versionadded">

  704. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  705. </div>

  706. </dd></dl>

  707. 

  708. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  709. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-display">

  710. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">display</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[expression]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-display" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  711. <dd><p>Display the value of <em>expression</em> if it changed, each time execution stops

  712. in the current frame.</p>

  713. <p>Without <em>expression</em>, list all display expressions for the current frame.</p>

  714. <div class="admonition note">

  715. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  716. <p>Display evaluates <em>expression</em> and compares to the result of the previous

  717. evaluation of <em>expression</em>, so when the result is mutable, display may not

  718. be able to pick up the changes.</p>

  719. </div>

  720. <p>Example:</p>

  721. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">lst</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>

  722. <span class="nb">breakpoint</span><span class="p">()</span>

  723. <span class="k">pass</span>

  724. <span class="n">lst</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>

  725. <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">)</span>

  726. </pre></div>

  727. </div>

  728. <p>Display won’t realize <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lst</span></code> has been changed because the result of evaluation

  729. is modified in place by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lst.append(1)</span></code> before being compared:</p>

  730. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>

  731. <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="k">pass</span>

  732. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">display</span> <span class="n">lst</span>

  733. <span class="n">display</span> <span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[]</span>

  734. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">n</span>

  735. <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>

  736. <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">lst</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>

  737. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">n</span>

  738. <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>

  739. <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">)</span>

  740. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span>

  741. </pre></div>

  742. </div>

  743. <p>You can do some tricks with copy mechanism to make it work:</p>

  744. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>

  745. <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="k">pass</span>

  746. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">display</span> <span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">[:]</span>

  747. <span class="n">display</span> <span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">[:]:</span> <span class="p">[]</span>

  748. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">n</span>

  749. <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>

  750. <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">lst</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>

  751. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">n</span>

  752. <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">()</span>

  753. <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">)</span>

  754. <span class="n">display</span> <span class="n">lst</span><span class="p">[:]:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>  <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">old</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[]]</span>

  755. <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span>

  756. </pre></div>

  757. </div>

  758. <div class="versionadded">

  759. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  760. </div>

  761. </dd></dl>

  762. 

  763. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  764. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-undisplay">

  765. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">undisplay</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[expression]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-undisplay" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  766. <dd><p>Do not display <em>expression</em> anymore in the current frame.  Without

  767. <em>expression</em>, clear all display expressions for the current frame.</p>

  768. <div class="versionadded">

  769. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  770. </div>

  771. </dd></dl>

  772. 

  773. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  774. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-interact">

  775. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">interact</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-interact" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  776. <dd><p>Start an interactive interpreter (using the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#module-code" title="code: Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code></a> module) whose global

  777. namespace contains all the (global and local) names found in the current

  778. scope.</p>

  779. <div class="versionadded">

  780. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  781. </div>

  782. </dd></dl>

  783. 

  784. <dl class="std pdbcommand" id="debugger-aliases">

  785. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-alias">

  786. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">alias</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[name</span> <span class="pre">[command]]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-alias" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  787. <dd><p>Create an alias called <em>name</em> that executes <em>command</em>.  The <em>command</em> must

  788. <em>not</em> be enclosed in quotes.  Replaceable parameters can be indicated by

  789. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%1</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%2</span></code>, and so on, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%*</span></code> is replaced by all the parameters.

  790. If <em>command</em> is omitted, the current alias for <em>name</em> is shown. If no

  791. arguments are given, all aliases are listed.</p>

  792. <p>Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be legally typed at

  793. the pdb prompt.  Note that internal pdb commands <em>can</em> be overridden by

  794. aliases.  Such a command is then hidden until the alias is removed.  Aliasing

  795. is recursively applied to the first word of the command line; all other words

  796. in the line are left alone.</p>

  797. <p>As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed in the

  798. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> file):</p>

  799. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Print instance variables (usage &quot;pi classInst&quot;)</span>

  800. <span class="n">alias</span> <span class="n">pi</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;%1.</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> = </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  801. <span class="c1"># Print instance variables in self</span>

  802. <span class="n">alias</span> <span class="n">ps</span> <span class="n">pi</span> <span class="bp">self</span>

  803. </pre></div>

  804. </div>

  805. </dd></dl>

  806. 

  807. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  808. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-unalias">

  809. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unalias</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">name</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-unalias" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  810. <dd><p>Delete the specified alias <em>name</em>.</p>

  811. </dd></dl>

  812. 

  813. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  814. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-0">

  815. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">!</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">statement</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-0" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  816. <dd><p>Execute the (one-line) <em>statement</em> in the context of the current stack frame.

  817. The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first word of the statement

  818. resembles a debugger command, e.g.:</p>

  819. <div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>(Pdb) ! n=42

  820. (Pdb)

  821. </pre></div>

  822. </div>

  823. <p>To set a global variable, you can prefix the assignment command with a

  824. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#global"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">global</span></code></a> statement on the same line, e.g.:</p>

  825. <div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>(Pdb) global list_options; list_options = [&#39;-l&#39;]

  826. (Pdb)

  827. </pre></div>

  828. </div>

  829. </dd></dl>

  830. 

  831. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  832. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-run">

  833. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">run</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[args</span> <span class="pre">...]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-run" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  834. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-restart">

  835. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">restart</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">[args</span> <span class="pre">...]</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-restart" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  836. <dd><p>Restart the debugged Python program.  If <em>args</em> is supplied, it is split

  837. with <a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html#module-shlex" title="shlex: Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> and the result is used as the new <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.argv" title="sys.argv"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a>.

  838. History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are preserved.

  839. <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-restart"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">restart</span></code></a> is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-run"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run</span></code></a>.</p>

  840. </dd></dl>

  841. 

  842. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  843. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-quit">

  844. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">q(uit)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-quit" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  845. <dd><p>Quit from the debugger.  The program being executed is aborted.</p>

  846. </dd></dl>

  847. 

  848. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  849. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-debug">

  850. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">debug</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"> <span class="pre">code</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-debug" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  851. <dd><p>Enter a recursive debugger that steps through <em>code</em>

  852. (which is an arbitrary expression or statement to be

  853. executed in the current environment).</p>

  854. </dd></dl>

  855. 

  856. <dl class="std pdbcommand">

  857. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="pdbcommand-retval">

  858. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">retval</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-retval" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  859. <dd><p>Print the return value for the last return of the current function.</p>

  860. </dd></dl>

  861. 

  862. <p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>

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  867. is determined by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> in the frame globals.</p>

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