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  182.   <section id="module-os.path">

  183. <span id="os-path-common-pathname-manipulations"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> — Common pathname manipulations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-os.path" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  184. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/posixpath.py">Lib/posixpath.py</a> (for POSIX) and

  185. <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/ntpath.py">Lib/ntpath.py</a> (for Windows).</p>

  186. <hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />

  187. <p>This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write

  188. files see <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, and for accessing the filesystem see the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a>

  189. module. The path parameters can be passed as strings, or bytes, or any object

  190. implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a> protocol.</p>

  191. <p>Unlike a Unix shell, Python does not do any <em>automatic</em> path expansions.

  192. Functions such as <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expanduser()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandvars()</span></code></a> can be invoked

  193. explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion.  (See also

  194. the <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> module.)</p>

  195. <div class="admonition seealso">

  196. <p class="admonition-title">See also</p>

  197. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> module offers high-level path objects.</p>

  198. </div>

  199. <div class="admonition note">

  200. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  201. <p>All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as

  202. their parameters.  The result is an object of the same type, if a path or

  203. file name is returned.</p>

  204. </div>

  205. <div class="admonition note">

  206. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  207. <p>Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there

  208. are several versions of this module in the standard library.  The

  209. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> module is always the path module suitable for the operating

  210. system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths.  However,

  211. you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate

  212. a path that is <em>always</em> in one of the different formats.  They all have the

  213. same interface:</p>

  214. <ul class="simple">

  215. <li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixpath</span></code> for UNIX-style paths</p></li>

  216. <li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ntpath</span></code> for Windows paths</p></li>

  217. </ul>

  218. </div>

  219. <div class="versionchanged">

  220. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.lexists" title="os.path.lexists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lexists()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a>,

  221. <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.ismount" title="os.path.ismount"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ismount()</span></code></a> now return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> instead of

  222. raising an exception for paths that contain characters or bytes

  223. unrepresentable at the OS level.</p>

  224. </div>

  225. <dl class="py function">

  226. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.abspath">

  227. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">abspath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.abspath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  228. <dd><p>Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname <em>path</em>. On most

  229. platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normpath" title="os.path.normpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath()</span></code></a> as

  230. follows: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath(join(os.getcwd(),</span> <span class="pre">path))</span></code>.</p>

  231. <div class="versionchanged">

  232. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  233. </div>

  234. </dd></dl>

  235. 

  236. <dl class="py function">

  237. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.basename">

  238. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">basename</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.basename" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  239. <dd><p>Return the base name of pathname <em>path</em>.  This is the second element of the

  240. pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>.  Note that

  241. the result of this function is different

  242. from the Unix <strong class="program">basename</strong> program; where <strong class="program">basename</strong> for

  243. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/foo/bar/'</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar'</span></code>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a> function returns an

  244. empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p>

  245. <div class="versionchanged">

  246. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  247. </div>

  248. </dd></dl>

  249. 

  250. <dl class="py function">

  251. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.commonpath">

  252. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">commonpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">paths</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  253. <dd><p>Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence

  254. <em>paths</em>.  Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> if <em>paths</em> contain both absolute

  255. and relative pathnames, the <em>paths</em> are on the different drives or

  256. if <em>paths</em> is empty.  Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="os.path.commonprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonprefix()</span></code></a>, this returns a

  257. valid path.</p>

  258. <div class="availability docutils container">

  259. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>

  260. </div>

  261. <div class="versionadded">

  262. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  263. </div>

  264. <div class="versionchanged">

  265. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like objects</span></a>.</p>

  266. </div>

  267. </dd></dl>

  268. 

  269. <dl class="py function">

  270. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.commonprefix">

  271. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">commonprefix</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">list</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  272. <dd><p>Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a

  273. prefix of all paths in  <em>list</em>.  If <em>list</em> is empty, return the empty string

  274. (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p>

  275. <div class="admonition note">

  276. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  277. <p>This function may return invalid paths because it works a

  278. character at a time.  To obtain a valid path, see

  279. <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="os.path.commonpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonpath()</span></code></a>.</p>

  280. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonprefix</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>

  281. <span class="go">&#39;/usr/l&#39;</span>

  282. 

  283. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonpath</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>

  284. <span class="go">&#39;/usr&#39;</span>

  285. </pre></div>

  286. </div>

  287. </div>

  288. <div class="versionchanged">

  289. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  290. </div>

  291. </dd></dl>

  292. 

  293. <dl class="py function">

  294. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.dirname">

  295. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dirname</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.dirname" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  296. <dd><p>Return the directory name of pathname <em>path</em>.  This is the first element of

  297. the pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>.</p>

  298. <div class="versionchanged">

  299. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  300. </div>

  301. </dd></dl>

  302. 

  303. <dl class="py function">

  304. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.exists">

  305. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">exists</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.exists" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  306. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path or an open

  307. file descriptor.  Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for broken symbolic links.  On

  308. some platforms, this function may return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if permission is

  309. not granted to execute <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> on the requested file, even

  310. if the <em>path</em> physically exists.</p>

  311. <div class="versionchanged">

  312. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span><em>path</em> can now be an integer: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> is returned if it is an

  313.  open file descriptor, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>

  314. </div>

  315. <div class="versionchanged">

  316. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  317. </div>

  318. </dd></dl>

  319. 

  320. <dl class="py function">

  321. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.lexists">

  322. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lexists</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.lexists" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  323. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for

  324. broken symbolic links.   Equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a> on platforms lacking

  325. <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>.</p>

  326. <div class="versionchanged">

  327. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  328. </div>

  329. </dd></dl>

  330. 

  331. <dl class="py function" id="index-1">

  332. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.expanduser">

  333. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">expanduser</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  334. <dd><p>On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> or

  335. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> replaced by that <em>user</em>’s home directory.</p>

  336. <p id="index-2">On Unix, an initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> is replaced by the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code>

  337. if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the

  338. password directory through the built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html#module-pwd" title="pwd: The password database (getpwnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code></a>. An initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code>

  339. is looked up directly in the password directory.</p>

  340. <p>On Windows, <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERPROFILE</span></code> will be used if set, otherwise a combination

  341. of <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEPATH</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEDRIVE</span></code> will be used.  An initial

  342. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> is handled by checking that the last directory component of the current

  343. user’s home directory matches <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERNAME</span></code>, and replacing it if so.</p>

  344. <p>If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is

  345. returned unchanged.</p>

  346. <div class="versionchanged">

  347. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  348. </div>

  349. <div class="versionchanged">

  350. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>No longer uses <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> on Windows.</p>

  351. </div>

  352. </dd></dl>

  353. 

  354. <dl class="py function" id="index-9">

  355. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.expandvars">

  356. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">expandvars</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  357. <dd><p>Return the argument with environment variables expanded.  Substrings of the form

  358. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code> are replaced by the value of environment variable

  359. <em>name</em>.  Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are

  360. left unchanged.</p>

  361. <p>On Windows, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%name%</span></code> expansions are supported in addition to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> and

  362. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code>.</p>

  363. <div class="versionchanged">

  364. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  365. </div>

  366. </dd></dl>

  367. 

  368. <dl class="py function">

  369. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getatime">

  370. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getatime</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getatime" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  371. <dd><p>Return the time of last access of <em>path</em>.  The return value is a floating point number giving

  372. the number of seconds since the epoch (see the  <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module).  Raise

  373. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p>

  374. </dd></dl>

  375. 

  376. <dl class="py function">

  377. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getmtime">

  378. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getmtime</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getmtime" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  379. <dd><p>Return the time of last modification of <em>path</em>.  The return value is a floating point number

  380. giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the  <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module).

  381. Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p>

  382. <div class="versionchanged">

  383. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  384. </div>

  385. </dd></dl>

  386. 

  387. <dl class="py function">

  388. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getctime">

  389. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getctime</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getctime" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  390. <dd><p>Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the

  391. last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for <em>path</em>.

  392. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see

  393. the  <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module).  Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or

  394. is inaccessible.</p>

  395. <div class="versionchanged">

  396. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  397. </div>

  398. </dd></dl>

  399. 

  400. <dl class="py function">

  401. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getsize">

  402. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getsize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getsize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  403. <dd><p>Return the size, in bytes, of <em>path</em>.  Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does

  404. not exist or is inaccessible.</p>

  405. <div class="versionchanged">

  406. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  407. </div>

  408. </dd></dl>

  409. 

  410. <dl class="py function">

  411. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isabs">

  412. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isabs</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isabs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  413. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an absolute pathname.  On Unix, that means it

  414. begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping

  415. off a potential drive letter.</p>

  416. <div class="versionchanged">

  417. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  418. </div>

  419. </dd></dl>

  420. 

  421. <dl class="py function">

  422. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isfile">

  423. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isfile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isfile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  424. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> regular file.

  425. This follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a> can

  426. be true for the same path.</p>

  427. <div class="versionchanged">

  428. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  429. </div>

  430. </dd></dl>

  431. 

  432. <dl class="py function">

  433. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isdir">

  434. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isdir</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdir" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  435. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory.  This

  436. follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a> can be true

  437. for the same path.</p>

  438. <div class="versionchanged">

  439. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  440. </div>

  441. </dd></dl>

  442. 

  443. <dl class="py function">

  444. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isjunction">

  445. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isjunction</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isjunction" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  446. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.lexists" title="os.path.lexists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory

  447. entry that is a junction.  Always return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if junctions are not

  448. supported on the current platform.</p>

  449. <div class="versionadded">

  450. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  451. </div>

  452. </dd></dl>

  453. 

  454. <dl class="py function">

  455. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.islink">

  456. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">islink</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.islink" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  457. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory

  458. entry that is a symbolic link.  Always <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if symbolic links are not

  459. supported by the Python runtime.</p>

  460. <div class="versionchanged">

  461. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  462. </div>

  463. </dd></dl>

  464. 

  465. <dl class="py function">

  466. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.ismount">

  467. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ismount</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.ismount" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  468. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pathname <em>path</em> is a <em class="dfn">mount point</em>: a point in a

  469. file system where a different file system has been mounted.  On POSIX, the

  470. function checks whether <em>path</em>’s parent, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code>, is on a different

  471. device than <em>path</em>, or whether <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code> and <em>path</em> point to the same

  472. i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix

  473. and POSIX variants.  It is not able to reliably detect bind mounts on the

  474. same filesystem.  On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are

  475. always mount points, and for any other path <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetVolumePathName</span></code> is called

  476. to see if it is different from the input path.</p>

  477. <div class="versionadded">

  478. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4: </span>Support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows.</p>

  479. </div>

  480. <div class="versionchanged">

  481. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  482. </div>

  483. </dd></dl>

  484. 

  485. <dl class="py function">

  486. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isdevdrive">

  487. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isdevdrive</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdevdrive" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  488. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pathname <em>path</em> is located on a Windows Dev Drive.

  489. A Dev Drive is optimized for developer scenarios, and offers faster

  490. performance for reading and writing files. It is recommended for use for

  491. source code, temporary build directories, package caches, and other

  492. IO-intensive operations.</p>

  493. <p>May raise an error for an invalid path, for example, one without a

  494. recognizable drive, but returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> on platforms that do not support

  495. Dev Drives. See <a class="reference external" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/dev-drive/">the Windows documentation</a>

  496. for information on enabling and creating Dev Drives.</p>

  497. <div class="availability docutils container">

  498. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Windows.</p>

  499. </div>

  500. <div class="versionadded">

  501. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  502. </div>

  503. </dd></dl>

  504. 

  505. <dl class="py function">

  506. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.join">

  507. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">join</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">paths</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.join" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  508. <dd><p>Join one or more path segments intelligently.  The return value is the

  509. concatenation of <em>path</em> and all members of <em>*paths</em>, with exactly one

  510. directory separator following each non-empty part, except the last. That is,

  511. the result will only end in a separator if the last part is either empty or

  512. ends in a separator. If a segment is an absolute path (which on Windows

  513. requires both a drive and a root), then all previous segments are ignored and

  514. joining continues from the absolute path segment.</p>

  515. <p>On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted path segment (e.g.,

  516. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\foo'</span></code>) is encountered. If a segment is on a different drive or is an

  517. absolute path, all previous segments are ignored and the drive is reset. Note

  518. that since there is a current directory for each drive,

  519. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join(&quot;c:&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;foo&quot;)</span></code> represents a path relative to the current

  520. directory on drive <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:</span></code> (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:foo</span></code>), not <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:\foo</span></code>.</p>

  521. <div class="versionchanged">

  522. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a> for <em>path</em> and <em>paths</em>.</p>

  523. </div>

  524. </dd></dl>

  525. 

  526. <dl class="py function">

  527. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.normcase">

  528. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">normcase</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normcase" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  529. <dd><p>Normalize the case of a pathname.  On Windows, convert all characters in the

  530. pathname to lowercase, and also convert forward slashes to backward slashes.

  531. On other operating systems, return the path unchanged.</p>

  532. <div class="versionchanged">

  533. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  534. </div>

  535. </dd></dl>

  536. 

  537. <dl class="py function">

  538. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.normpath">

  539. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">normpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  540. <dd><blockquote>

  541. <div><p>Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level

  542. references so that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A//B</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/./B</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/foo/../B</span></code> all

  543. become <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B</span></code>.  This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path

  544. that contains symbolic links.  On Windows, it converts forward slashes to

  545. backward slashes. To normalize case, use <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normcase()</span></code></a>.</p>

  546. </div></blockquote>

  547. <div class="admonition note">

  548. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  549. <blockquote>

  550. <div><p>On POSIX systems, in accordance with <a class="reference external" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13">IEEE Std 1003.1 2013 Edition; 4.13

  551. Pathname Resolution</a>,

  552. if a pathname begins with exactly two slashes, the first component

  553. following the leading characters may be interpreted in an implementation-defined

  554. manner, although more than two leading characters shall be treated as a

  555. single character.</p>

  556. </div></blockquote>

  557. <div class="versionchanged">

  558. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  559. </div>

  560. </div>

  561. </dd></dl>

  562. 

  563. <dl class="py function">

  564. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.realpath">

  565. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">realpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">strict</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.realpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  566. <dd><p>Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic

  567. links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating

  568. system).</p>

  569. <p>If a path doesn’t exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and <em>strict</em> is

  570. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> is raised. If <em>strict</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, the path is

  571. resolved as far as possible and any remainder is appended without checking

  572. whether it exists.</p>

  573. <div class="admonition note">

  574. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  575. <p>This function emulates the operating system’s procedure for making a path

  576. canonical, which differs slightly between Windows and UNIX with respect

  577. to how links and subsequent path components interact.</p>

  578. <p>Operating system APIs make paths canonical as needed, so it’s not

  579. normally necessary to call this function.</p>

  580. </div>

  581. <div class="versionchanged">

  582. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  583. </div>

  584. <div class="versionchanged">

  585. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows.</p>

  586. </div>

  587. <div class="versionchanged">

  588. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The <em>strict</em> parameter was added.</p>

  589. </div>

  590. </dd></dl>

  591. 

  592. <dl class="py function">

  593. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.relpath">

  594. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">relpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">start</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.relpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  595. <dd><p>Return a relative filepath to <em>path</em> either from the current directory or

  596. from an optional <em>start</em> directory.  This is a path computation:  the

  597. filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of <em>path</em> or

  598. <em>start</em>.  On Windows, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised when <em>path</em> and <em>start</em>

  599. are on different drives.</p>

  600. <p><em>start</em> defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.curdir" title="os.curdir"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></code></a>.</p>

  601. <div class="availability docutils container">

  602. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>

  603. </div>

  604. <div class="versionchanged">

  605. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  606. </div>

  607. </dd></dl>

  608. 

  609. <dl class="py function">

  610. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.samefile">

  611. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">samefile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samefile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  612. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory.

  613. This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an

  614. exception if an <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> call on either pathname fails.</p>

  615. <div class="availability docutils container">

  616. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>

  617. </div>

  618. <div class="versionchanged">

  619. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p>

  620. </div>

  621. <div class="versionchanged">

  622. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms.</p>

  623. </div>

  624. <div class="versionchanged">

  625. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  626. </div>

  627. </dd></dl>

  628. 

  629. <dl class="py function">

  630. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.sameopenfile">

  631. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sameopenfile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fp1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fp2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  632. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the file descriptors <em>fp1</em> and <em>fp2</em> refer to the same file.</p>

  633. <div class="availability docutils container">

  634. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>

  635. </div>

  636. <div class="versionchanged">

  637. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p>

  638. </div>

  639. <div class="versionchanged">

  640. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  641. </div>

  642. </dd></dl>

  643. 

  644. <dl class="py function">

  645. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.samestat">

  646. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">samestat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stat1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stat2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samestat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  647. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the stat tuples <em>stat1</em> and <em>stat2</em> refer to the same file.

  648. These structures may have been returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fstat()</span></code></a>,

  649. <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a>.  This function implements the

  650. underlying comparison used by <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">samefile()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="os.path.sameopenfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sameopenfile()</span></code></a>.</p>

  651. <div class="availability docutils container">

  652. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>

  653. </div>

  654. <div class="versionchanged">

  655. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added Windows support.</p>

  656. </div>

  657. <div class="versionchanged">

  658. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  659. </div>

  660. </dd></dl>

  661. 

  662. <dl class="py function">

  663. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.split">

  664. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">split</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.split" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  665. <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>tail</em> is the

  666. last pathname component and <em>head</em> is everything leading up to that.  The

  667. <em>tail</em> part will never contain a slash; if <em>path</em> ends in a slash, <em>tail</em>

  668. will be empty.  If there is no slash in <em>path</em>, <em>head</em> will be empty.  If

  669. <em>path</em> is empty, both <em>head</em> and <em>tail</em> are empty.  Trailing slashes are

  670. stripped from <em>head</em> unless it is the root (one or more slashes only).  In

  671. all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> returns a path to the same location as <em>path</em>

  672. (but the strings may differ).  Also see the functions <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dirname()</span></code></a> and

  673. <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a>.</p>

  674. <div class="versionchanged">

  675. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  676. </div>

  677. </dd></dl>

  678. 

  679. <dl class="py function">

  680. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.splitdrive">

  681. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">splitdrive</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitdrive" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  682. <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>drive</em> is either

  683. a mount point or the empty string.  On systems which do not use drive

  684. specifications, <em>drive</em> will always be the empty string.  In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span>

  685. <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> will be the same as <em>path</em>.</p>

  686. <p>On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path.</p>

  687. <p>If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything

  688. up to and including the colon:</p>

  689. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitdrive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;c:/dir&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  690. <span class="go">(&quot;c:&quot;, &quot;/dir&quot;)</span>

  691. </pre></div>

  692. </div>

  693. <p>If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name

  694. and share:</p>

  695. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitdrive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;//host/computer/dir&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  696. <span class="go">(&quot;//host/computer&quot;, &quot;/dir&quot;)</span>

  697. </pre></div>

  698. </div>

  699. <div class="versionchanged">

  700. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  701. </div>

  702. </dd></dl>

  703. 

  704. <dl class="py function">

  705. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.splitroot">

  706. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">splitroot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitroot" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  707. <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a 3-item tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">root,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where

  708. <em>drive</em> is a device name or mount point, <em>root</em> is a string of separators

  709. after the drive, and <em>tail</em> is everything after the root. Any of these

  710. items may be the empty string. In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> will

  711. be the same as <em>path</em>.</p>

  712. <p>On POSIX systems, <em>drive</em> is always empty. The <em>root</em> may be empty (if <em>path</em> is

  713. relative), a single forward slash (if <em>path</em> is absolute), or two forward slashes

  714. (implementation-defined per <a class="reference external" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13">IEEE Std 1003.1-2017; 4.13 Pathname Resolution</a>.)

  715. For example:</p>

  716. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/home/sam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  717. <span class="go">(&#39;&#39;, &#39;/&#39;, &#39;home/sam&#39;)</span>

  718. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;//home/sam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  719. <span class="go">(&#39;&#39;, &#39;//&#39;, &#39;home/sam&#39;)</span>

  720. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;///home/sam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  721. <span class="go">(&#39;&#39;, &#39;/&#39;, &#39;//home/sam&#39;)</span>

  722. </pre></div>

  723. </div>

  724. <p>On Windows, <em>drive</em> may be empty, a drive-letter name, a UNC share, or a device

  725. name. The <em>root</em> may be empty, a forward slash, or a backward slash. For

  726. example:</p>

  727. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;C:/Users/Sam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  728. <span class="go">(&#39;C:&#39;, &#39;/&#39;, &#39;Users/Sam&#39;)</span>

  729. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;//Server/Share/Users/Sam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  730. <span class="go">(&#39;//Server/Share&#39;, &#39;/&#39;, &#39;Users/Sam&#39;)</span>

  731. </pre></div>

  732. </div>

  733. <div class="versionadded">

  734. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  735. </div>

  736. </dd></dl>

  737. 

  738. <dl class="py function">

  739. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.splitext">

  740. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">splitext</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitext" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  741. <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(root,</span> <span class="pre">ext)</span></code>  such that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">ext</span> <span class="pre">==</span>

  742. <span class="pre">path</span></code>, and the extension, <em>ext</em>, is empty or begins with a period and contains at

  743. most one period.</p>

  744. <p>If the path contains no extension, <em>ext</em> will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>:</p>

  745. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  746. <span class="go">(&#39;bar&#39;, &#39;&#39;)</span>

  747. </pre></div>

  748. </div>

  749. <p>If the path contains an extension, then <em>ext</em> will be set to this extension,

  750. including the leading period. Note that previous periods will be ignored:</p>

  751. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo.bar.exe&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  752. <span class="go">(&#39;foo.bar&#39;, &#39;.exe&#39;)</span>

  753. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/foo/bar.exe&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  754. <span class="go">(&#39;/foo/bar&#39;, &#39;.exe&#39;)</span>

  755. </pre></div>

  756. </div>

  757. <p>Leading periods of the last component of the path are considered to

  758. be part of the root:</p>

  759. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.cshrc&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  760. <span class="go">(&#39;.cshrc&#39;, &#39;&#39;)</span>

  761. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/foo/....jpg&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  762. <span class="go">(&#39;/foo/....jpg&#39;, &#39;&#39;)</span>

  763. </pre></div>

  764. </div>

  765. <div class="versionchanged">

  766. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>

  767. </div>

  768. </dd></dl>

  769. 

  770. <dl class="py data">

  771. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.supports_unicode_filenames">

  772. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">supports_unicode_filenames</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.supports_unicode_filenames" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  773. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations

  774. imposed by the file system).</p>

  775. </dd></dl>

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