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  193.   <section id="module-operator">

  194. <span id="operator-standard-operators-as-functions"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> — Standard operators as functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-operator" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  195. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/operator.py">Lib/operator.py</a></p>

  196. <hr class="docutils" />

  197. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to

  198. the intrinsic operators of Python.  For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator.add(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> is

  199. equivalent to the expression <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x+y</span></code>. Many function names are those used for

  200. special methods, without the double underscores.  For backward compatibility,

  201. many of these have a variant with the double underscores kept. The variants

  202. without the double underscores are preferred for clarity.</p>

  203. <p>The functions fall into categories that perform object comparisons, logical

  204. operations, mathematical operations and sequence operations.</p>

  205. <p>The object comparison functions are useful for all objects, and are named after

  206. the rich comparison operators they support:</p>

  207. <dl class="py function">

  208. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.lt">

  209. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  210. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.le">

  211. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.le" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  212. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.eq">

  213. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">eq</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.eq" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  214. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ne">

  215. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ne</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ne" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  216. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ge">

  217. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ge</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ge" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  218. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.gt">

  219. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">gt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.gt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  220. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__lt__">

  221. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lt__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  222. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__le__">

  223. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__le__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__le__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  224. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__eq__">

  225. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__eq__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__eq__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  226. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ne__">

  227. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ne__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ne__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  228. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ge__">

  229. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ge__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  230. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__gt__">

  231. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__gt__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  232. <dd><p>Perform “rich comparisons” between <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>. Specifically, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is

  233. equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span>

  234. <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>,

  235. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span>

  236. <span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.  Note that these functions can return any value, which may

  237. or may not be interpretable as a Boolean value.  See

  238. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#comparisons"><span class="std std-ref">Comparisons</span></a> for more information about rich comparisons.</p>

  239. </dd></dl>

  240. 

  241. <p>The logical operations are also generally applicable to all objects, and support

  242. truth tests, identity tests, and boolean operations:</p>

  243. <dl class="py function">

  244. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.not_">

  245. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">not_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.not_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  246. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__not__">

  247. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__not__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__not__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  248. <dd><p>Return the outcome of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#not"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a> <em>obj</em>.  (Note that there is no

  249. <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__not__()</span></code> method for object instances; only the interpreter core defines

  250. this operation.  The result is affected by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__bool__" title="object.__bool__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__bool__()</span></code></a> and

  251. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__" title="object.__len__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__len__()</span></code></a> methods.)</p>

  252. </dd></dl>

  253. 

  254. <dl class="py function">

  255. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.truth">

  256. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">truth</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truth" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  257. <dd><p>Return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code></a> if <em>obj</em> is true, and <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a> otherwise.  This is

  258. equivalent to using the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool" title="bool"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bool</span></code></a> constructor.</p>

  259. </dd></dl>

  260. 

  261. <dl class="py function">

  262. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.is_">

  263. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  264. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.  Tests object identity.</p>

  265. </dd></dl>

  266. 

  267. <dl class="py function">

  268. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.is_not">

  269. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_not</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.is_not" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  270. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.  Tests object identity.</p>

  271. </dd></dl>

  272. 

  273. <p>The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:</p>

  274. <dl class="py function">

  275. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.abs">

  276. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">abs</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.abs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  277. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__abs__">

  278. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__abs__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__abs__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  279. <dd><p>Return the absolute value of <em>obj</em>.</p>

  280. </dd></dl>

  281. 

  282. <dl class="py function">

  283. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.add">

  284. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">add</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.add" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  285. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__add__">

  286. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__add__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__add__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  287. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>

  288. </dd></dl>

  289. 

  290. <dl class="py function">

  291. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.and_">

  292. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">and_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.and_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  293. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__and__">

  294. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__and__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__and__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  295. <dd><p>Return the bitwise and of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>

  296. </dd></dl>

  297. 

  298. <dl class="py function">

  299. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.floordiv">

  300. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">floordiv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.floordiv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  301. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__floordiv__">

  302. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__floordiv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__floordiv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  303. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  304. </dd></dl>

  305. 

  306. <dl class="py function">

  307. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.index">

  308. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">index</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.index" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  309. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__index__">

  310. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__index__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__index__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  311. <dd><p>Return <em>a</em> converted to an integer.  Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a.__index__()</span></code>.</p>

  312. <div class="versionchanged">

  313. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The result always has exact type <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>.  Previously, the result

  314. could have been an instance of a subclass of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>.</p>

  315. </div>

  316. </dd></dl>

  317. 

  318. <dl class="py function">

  319. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.inv">

  320. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">inv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.inv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  321. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.invert">

  322. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">invert</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.invert" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  323. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__inv__">

  324. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__inv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__inv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  325. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__invert__">

  326. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__invert__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__invert__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  327. <dd><p>Return the bitwise inverse of the number <em>obj</em>.  This is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~obj</span></code>.</p>

  328. </dd></dl>

  329. 

  330. <dl class="py function">

  331. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.lshift">

  332. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.lshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  333. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__lshift__">

  334. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__lshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__lshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  335. <dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted left by <em>b</em>.</p>

  336. </dd></dl>

  337. 

  338. <dl class="py function">

  339. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.mod">

  340. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mod</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mod" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  341. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__mod__">

  342. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__mod__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mod__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  343. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  344. </dd></dl>

  345. 

  346. <dl class="py function">

  347. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.mul">

  348. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.mul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  349. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__mul__">

  350. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__mul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__mul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  351. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>

  352. </dd></dl>

  353. 

  354. <dl class="py function">

  355. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.matmul">

  356. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">matmul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.matmul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  357. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__matmul__">

  358. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__matmul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__matmul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  359. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&#64;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  360. <div class="versionadded">

  361. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  362. </div>

  363. </dd></dl>

  364. 

  365. <dl class="py function">

  366. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.neg">

  367. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">neg</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.neg" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  368. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__neg__">

  369. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__neg__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__neg__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  370. <dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> negated (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-obj</span></code>).</p>

  371. </dd></dl>

  372. 

  373. <dl class="py function">

  374. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.or_">

  375. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">or_</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.or_" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  376. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__or__">

  377. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__or__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__or__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  378. <dd><p>Return the bitwise or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>

  379. </dd></dl>

  380. 

  381. <dl class="py function">

  382. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.pos">

  383. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pos</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pos" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  384. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__pos__">

  385. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__pos__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pos__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  386. <dd><p>Return <em>obj</em> positive (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+obj</span></code>).</p>

  387. </dd></dl>

  388. 

  389. <dl class="py function">

  390. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.pow">

  391. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pow</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.pow" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  392. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__pow__">

  393. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__pow__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__pow__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  394. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>, for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> numbers.</p>

  395. </dd></dl>

  396. 

  397. <dl class="py function">

  398. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.rshift">

  399. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">rshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.rshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  400. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__rshift__">

  401. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__rshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__rshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  402. <dd><p>Return <em>a</em> shifted right by <em>b</em>.</p>

  403. </dd></dl>

  404. 

  405. <dl class="py function">

  406. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.sub">

  407. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sub</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.sub" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  408. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__sub__">

  409. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__sub__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__sub__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  410. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  411. </dd></dl>

  412. 

  413. <dl class="py function">

  414. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.truediv">

  415. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">truediv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.truediv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  416. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__truediv__">

  417. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__truediv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__truediv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  418. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> where 2/3 is .66 rather than 0.  This is also known as

  419. “true” division.</p>

  420. </dd></dl>

  421. 

  422. <dl class="py function">

  423. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.xor">

  424. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">xor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.xor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  425. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__xor__">

  426. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__xor__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__xor__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  427. <dd><p>Return the bitwise exclusive or of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>.</p>

  428. </dd></dl>

  429. 

  430. <p>Operations which work with sequences (some of them with mappings too) include:</p>

  431. <dl class="py function">

  432. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.concat">

  433. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">concat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.concat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  434. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__concat__">

  435. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__concat__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__concat__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  436. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>

  437. </dd></dl>

  438. 

  439. <dl class="py function">

  440. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.contains">

  441. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">contains</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.contains" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  442. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__contains__">

  443. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__contains__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  444. <dd><p>Return the outcome of the test <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code>. Note the reversed operands.</p>

  445. </dd></dl>

  446. 

  447. <dl class="py function">

  448. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.countOf">

  449. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">countOf</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.countOf" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  450. <dd><p>Return the number of occurrences of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>

  451. </dd></dl>

  452. 

  453. <dl class="py function">

  454. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.delitem">

  455. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">delitem</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.delitem" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  456. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__delitem__">

  457. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__delitem__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__delitem__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  458. <dd><p>Remove the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>

  459. </dd></dl>

  460. 

  461. <dl class="py function">

  462. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.getitem">

  463. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getitem</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.getitem" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  464. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__getitem__">

  465. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__getitem__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__getitem__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  466. <dd><p>Return the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em>.</p>

  467. </dd></dl>

  468. 

  469. <dl class="py function">

  470. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.indexOf">

  471. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">indexOf</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.indexOf" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  472. <dd><p>Return the index of the first of occurrence of <em>b</em> in <em>a</em>.</p>

  473. </dd></dl>

  474. 

  475. <dl class="py function">

  476. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.setitem">

  477. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setitem</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">c</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.setitem" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  478. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__setitem__">

  479. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__setitem__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">c</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__setitem__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  480. <dd><p>Set the value of <em>a</em> at index <em>b</em> to <em>c</em>.</p>

  481. </dd></dl>

  482. 

  483. <dl class="py function">

  484. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.length_hint">

  485. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">length_hint</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.length_hint" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  486. <dd><p>Return an estimated length for the object <em>obj</em>. First try to return its

  487. actual length, then an estimate using <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__length_hint__" title="object.__length_hint__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object.__length_hint__()</span></code></a>, and

  488. finally return the default value.</p>

  489. <div class="versionadded">

  490. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  491. </div>

  492. </dd></dl>

  493. 

  494. <p>The following operation works with callables:</p>

  495. <dl class="py function">

  496. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.call">

  497. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">call</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.call" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  498. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__call__">

  499. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__call__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__call__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  500. <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code>.</p>

  501. <div class="versionadded">

  502. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  503. </div>

  504. </dd></dl>

  505. 

  506. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item

  507. lookups.  These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for

  508. <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map" title="map"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted" title="sorted"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sorted()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html#itertools.groupby" title="itertools.groupby"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools.groupby()</span></code></a>, or other functions that

  509. expect a function argument.</p>

  510. <dl class="py function">

  511. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.attrgetter">

  512. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">attrgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">attr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.attrgetter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  513. <dt class="sig sig-object py">

  514. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">attrgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">attrs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>

  515. <dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>attr</em> from its operand.

  516. If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes.

  517. The attribute names can also contain dots. For example:</p>

  518. <ul class="simple">

  519. <li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name</span></code>.</p></li>

  520. <li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name',</span> <span class="pre">'date')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns

  521. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(b.name,</span> <span class="pre">b.date)</span></code>.</p></li>

  522. <li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">attrgetter('name.first',</span> <span class="pre">'name.last')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code>

  523. returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(b.name.first,</span> <span class="pre">b.name.last)</span></code>.</p></li>

  524. </ul>

  525. <p>Equivalent to:</p>

  526. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">attrgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>

  527.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>

  528.         <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;attribute name must be a string&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  529.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>

  530.         <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>

  531.         <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>

  532.             <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span>

  533.     <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>

  534.         <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>

  535.             <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">attr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>

  536.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>

  537. 

  538. <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">resolve_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="p">):</span>

  539.     <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">attr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;.&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>

  540.         <span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>

  541.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span>

  542. </pre></div>

  543. </div>

  544. </dd></dl>

  545. 

  546. <dl class="py function">

  547. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.itemgetter">

  548. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itemgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">item</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  549. <dt class="sig sig-object py">

  550. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itemgetter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">items</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>

  551. <dd><p>Return a callable object that fetches <em>item</em> from its operand using the

  552. operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a> method.  If multiple items are specified,

  553. returns a tuple of lookup values.  For example:</p>

  554. <ul class="simple">

  555. <li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(r)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r[2]</span></code>.</p></li>

  556. <li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itemgetter(2,</span> <span class="pre">5,</span> <span class="pre">3)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g(r)</span></code> returns

  557. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(r[2],</span> <span class="pre">r[5],</span> <span class="pre">r[3])</span></code>.</p></li>

  558. </ul>

  559. <p>Equivalent to:</p>

  560. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">):</span>

  561.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>

  562.         <span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>

  563.         <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>

  564.             <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span>

  565.     <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>

  566.         <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">g</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>

  567.             <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">items</span><span class="p">)</span>

  568.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span>

  569. </pre></div>

  570. </div>

  571. <p>The items can be any type accepted by the operand’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></code></a>

  572. method.  Dictionaries accept any <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-hashable"><span class="xref std std-term">hashable</span></a> value.  Lists, tuples, and

  573. strings accept an index or a slice:</p>

  574. <div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  575. <span class="go">&#39;B&#39;</span>

  576. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  577. <span class="go">(&#39;B&#39;, &#39;D&#39;, &#39;F&#39;)</span>

  578. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">))(</span><span class="s1">&#39;ABCDEFG&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  579. <span class="go">&#39;CDEFG&#39;</span>

  580. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">soldier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rank</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;captain&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;dotterbart&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  581. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;rank&#39;</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">soldier</span><span class="p">)</span>

  582. <span class="go">&#39;captain&#39;</span>

  583. </pre></div>

  584. </div>

  585. <p>Example of using <a class="reference internal" href="#operator.itemgetter" title="operator.itemgetter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itemgetter()</span></code></a> to retrieve specific fields from a

  586. tuple record:</p>

  587. <div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">inventory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">&#39;apple&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;banana&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;pear&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;orange&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>

  588. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">getcount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itemgetter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>

  589. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">))</span>

  590. <span class="go">[3, 2, 5, 1]</span>

  591. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inventory</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getcount</span><span class="p">)</span>

  592. <span class="go">[(&#39;orange&#39;, 1), (&#39;banana&#39;, 2), (&#39;apple&#39;, 3), (&#39;pear&#39;, 5)]</span>

  593. </pre></div>

  594. </div>

  595. </dd></dl>

  596. 

  597. <dl class="py function">

  598. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.methodcaller">

  599. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">methodcaller</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.methodcaller" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  600. <dd><p>Return a callable object that calls the method <em>name</em> on its operand.  If

  601. additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given

  602. to the method as well.  For example:</p>

  603. <ul class="simple">

  604. <li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name')</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name()</span></code>.</p></li>

  605. <li><p>After <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">methodcaller('name',</span> <span class="pre">'foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></code>, the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(b)</span></code>

  606. returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b.name('foo',</span> <span class="pre">bar=1)</span></code>.</p></li>

  607. </ul>

  608. <p>Equivalent to:</p>

  609. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">methodcaller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>

  610.     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">caller</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>

  611.         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>

  612.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">caller</span>

  613. </pre></div>

  614. </div>

  615. </dd></dl>

  616. 

  617. <section id="mapping-operators-to-functions">

  618. <span id="operator-map"></span><h2>Mapping Operators to Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  619. <p>This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the

  620. Python syntax and the functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-operator" title="operator: Functions corresponding to the standard operators."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code></a> module.</p>

  621. <table class="docutils align-default">

  622. <thead>

  623. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Operation</p></th>

  624. <th class="head"><p>Syntax</p></th>

  625. <th class="head"><p>Function</p></th>

  626. </tr>

  627. </thead>

  628. <tbody>

  629. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Addition</p></td>

  630. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  631. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">add(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  632. </tr>

  633. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Concatenation</p></td>

  634. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">seq2</span></code></p></td>

  635. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concat(seq1,</span> <span class="pre">seq2)</span></code></p></td>

  636. </tr>

  637. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Containment Test</p></td>

  638. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">seq</span></code></p></td>

  639. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contains(seq,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></code></p></td>

  640. </tr>

  641. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Division</p></td>

  642. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  643. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  644. </tr>

  645. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Division</p></td>

  646. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  647. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">floordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  648. </tr>

  649. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Bitwise And</p></td>

  650. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  651. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  652. </tr>

  653. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Bitwise Exclusive Or</p></td>

  654. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  655. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  656. </tr>

  657. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Bitwise Inversion</p></td>

  658. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>

  659. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">invert(a)</span></code></p></td>

  660. </tr>

  661. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Bitwise Or</p></td>

  662. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  663. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  664. </tr>

  665. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Exponentiation</p></td>

  666. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  667. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  668. </tr>

  669. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Identity</p></td>

  670. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  671. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  672. </tr>

  673. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Identity</p></td>

  674. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  675. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_not(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  676. </tr>

  677. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Indexed Assignment</p></td>

  678. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">v</span></code></p></td>

  679. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k,</span> <span class="pre">v)</span></code></p></td>

  680. </tr>

  681. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Indexed Deletion</p></td>

  682. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">obj[k]</span></code></p></td>

  683. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></code></p></td>

  684. </tr>

  685. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Indexing</p></td>

  686. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj[k]</span></code></p></td>

  687. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getitem(obj,</span> <span class="pre">k)</span></code></p></td>

  688. </tr>

  689. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Left Shift</p></td>

  690. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  691. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  692. </tr>

  693. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Modulo</p></td>

  694. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  695. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  696. </tr>

  697. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Multiplication</p></td>

  698. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  699. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  700. </tr>

  701. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Matrix Multiplication</p></td>

  702. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&#64;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  703. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matmul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  704. </tr>

  705. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Negation (Arithmetic)</p></td>

  706. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>

  707. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">neg(a)</span></code></p></td>

  708. </tr>

  709. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Negation (Logical)</p></td>

  710. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>

  711. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not_(a)</span></code></p></td>

  712. </tr>

  713. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Positive</p></td>

  714. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td>

  715. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos(a)</span></code></p></td>

  716. </tr>

  717. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Right Shift</p></td>

  718. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  719. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  720. </tr>

  721. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Slice Assignment</p></td>

  722. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">values</span></code></p></td>

  723. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j),</span> <span class="pre">values)</span></code></p></td>

  724. </tr>

  725. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Slice Deletion</p></td>

  726. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></code></p></td>

  727. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></code></p></td>

  728. </tr>

  729. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Slicing</p></td>

  730. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seq[i:j]</span></code></p></td>

  731. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getitem(seq,</span> <span class="pre">slice(i,</span> <span class="pre">j))</span></code></p></td>

  732. </tr>

  733. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>String Formatting</p></td>

  734. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">obj</span></code></p></td>

  735. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod(s,</span> <span class="pre">obj)</span></code></p></td>

  736. </tr>

  737. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Subtraction</p></td>

  738. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  739. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  740. </tr>

  741. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Truth Test</p></td>

  742. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj</span></code></p></td>

  743. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truth(obj)</span></code></p></td>

  744. </tr>

  745. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>

  746. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  747. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  748. </tr>

  749. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>

  750. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  751. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">le(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  752. </tr>

  753. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Equality</p></td>

  754. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  755. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eq(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  756. </tr>

  757. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Difference</p></td>

  758. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  759. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ne(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  760. </tr>

  761. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>

  762. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  763. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  764. </tr>

  765. <tr class="row-even"><td><p>Ordering</p></td>

  766. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code></p></td>

  767. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gt(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></p></td>

  768. </tr>

  769. </tbody>

  770. </table>

  771. </section>

  772. <section id="in-place-operators">

  773. <h2>In-place Operators<a class="headerlink" href="#in-place-operators" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  774. <p>Many operations have an “in-place” version.  Listed below are functions

  775. providing a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax

  776. does; for example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-statement"><span class="xref std std-term">statement</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></code> is equivalent to

  777. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code>.  Another way to put it is to say that

  778. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">operator.iadd(x,</span> <span class="pre">y)</span></code> is equivalent to the compound statement

  779. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">x;</span> <span class="pre">z</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">y</span></code>.</p>

  780. <p>In those examples, note that when an in-place method is called, the computation

  781. and assignment are performed in two separate steps.  The in-place functions

  782. listed below only do the first step, calling the in-place method.  The second

  783. step, assignment, is not handled.</p>

  784. <p>For immutable targets such as strings, numbers, and tuples, the updated

  785. value is computed, but not assigned back to the input variable:</p>

  786. <div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hello&#39;</span>

  787. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iadd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39; world&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  788. <span class="go">&#39;hello world&#39;</span>

  789. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">a</span>

  790. <span class="go">&#39;hello&#39;</span>

  791. </pre></div>

  792. </div>

  793. <p>For mutable targets such as lists and dictionaries, the in-place method

  794. will perform the update, so no subsequent assignment is necessary:</p>

  795. <div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;h&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;e&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;l&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;l&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;o&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>

  796. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iadd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;o&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;l&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>

  797. <span class="go">[&#39;h&#39;, &#39;e&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39; &#39;, &#39;w&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39;r&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;d&#39;]</span>

  798. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span>

  799. <span class="go">[&#39;h&#39;, &#39;e&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39; &#39;, &#39;w&#39;, &#39;o&#39;, &#39;r&#39;, &#39;l&#39;, &#39;d&#39;]</span>

  800. </pre></div>

  801. </div>

  802. <dl class="py function">

  803. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iadd">

  804. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iadd</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iadd" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  805. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iadd__">

  806. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__iadd__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iadd__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  807. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iadd(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  808. </dd></dl>

  809. 

  810. <dl class="py function">

  811. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iand">

  812. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iand</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iand" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  813. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iand__">

  814. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__iand__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iand__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  815. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iand(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&amp;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  816. </dd></dl>

  817. 

  818. <dl class="py function">

  819. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.iconcat">

  820. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iconcat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.iconcat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  821. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__iconcat__">

  822. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__iconcat__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__iconcat__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  823. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iconcat(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> for <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> sequences.</p>

  824. </dd></dl>

  825. 

  826. <dl class="py function">

  827. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ifloordiv">

  828. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ifloordiv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ifloordiv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  829. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ifloordiv__">

  830. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ifloordiv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ifloordiv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  831. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ifloordiv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">//=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  832. </dd></dl>

  833. 

  834. <dl class="py function">

  835. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ilshift">

  836. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ilshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ilshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  837. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ilshift__">

  838. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ilshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ilshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  839. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ilshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&lt;&lt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  840. </dd></dl>

  841. 

  842. <dl class="py function">

  843. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imod">

  844. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imod</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imod" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  845. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imod__">

  846. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__imod__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imod__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  847. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imod(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">%=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  848. </dd></dl>

  849. 

  850. <dl class="py function">

  851. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imul">

  852. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  853. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imul__">

  854. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__imul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  855. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  856. </dd></dl>

  857. 

  858. <dl class="py function">

  859. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.imatmul">

  860. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">imatmul</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.imatmul" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  861. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__imatmul__">

  862. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__imatmul__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__imatmul__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  863. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">imatmul(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&#64;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  864. <div class="versionadded">

  865. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  866. </div>

  867. </dd></dl>

  868. 

  869. <dl class="py function">

  870. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ior">

  871. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ior</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ior" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  872. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ior__">

  873. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ior__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ior__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  874. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ior(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">|=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  875. </dd></dl>

  876. 

  877. <dl class="py function">

  878. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ipow">

  879. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ipow</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ipow" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  880. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ipow__">

  881. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ipow__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ipow__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  882. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ipow(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">**=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  883. </dd></dl>

  884. 

  885. <dl class="py function">

  886. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.irshift">

  887. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">irshift</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.irshift" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  888. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__irshift__">

  889. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__irshift__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__irshift__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  890. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">irshift(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">&gt;&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  891. </dd></dl>

  892. 

  893. <dl class="py function">

  894. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.isub">

  895. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isub</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.isub" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  896. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__isub__">

  897. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__isub__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__isub__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  898. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">isub(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  899. </dd></dl>

  900. 

  901. <dl class="py function">

  902. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.itruediv">

  903. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">itruediv</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.itruediv" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  904. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__itruediv__">

  905. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__itruediv__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__itruediv__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  906. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">itruediv(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">/=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  907. </dd></dl>

  908. 

  909. <dl class="py function">

  910. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.ixor">

  911. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ixor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.ixor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  912. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="operator.__ixor__">

  913. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">operator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__ixor__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#operator.__ixor__" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  914. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">ixor(a,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">^=</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</p>

  915. </dd></dl>

  916. 

  917. </section>

  918. </section>

  919. 

  920. 

  921.             <div class="clearer"></div>

  922.           </div>

  923.         </div>

  924.       </div>

  925.       <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">

  926.         <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">

  927.   <div>

  928.     <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>

  929.     <ul>

  930. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>

  931. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-operators-to-functions">Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>

  932. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-place-operators">In-place Operators</a></li>

  933. </ul>

  934. </li>

  935. </ul>

  936. 

  937.   </div>

  938.   <div>

  939.     <h4>Previous topic</h4>

  940.     <p class="topless"><a href="functools.html"

  941.                           title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></p>

  942.   </div>

  943.   <div>

  944.     <h4>Next topic</h4>

  945.     <p class="topless"><a href="filesys.html"

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