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  183.   <section id="module-email.generator">

  184. <span id="email-generator-generating-mime-documents"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code></a>: Generating MIME documents<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email.generator" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  185. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/email/generator.py">Lib/email/generator.py</a></p>

  186. <hr class="docutils" />

  187. <p>One of the most common tasks is to generate the flat (serialized) version of

  188. the email message represented by a message object structure.  You will need to

  189. do this if you want to send your message via <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtplib.SMTP.sendmail" title="smtplib.SMTP.sendmail"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib.SMTP.sendmail()</span></code></a> or

  190. the <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a> module, or print the message on the console.  Taking a

  191. message object structure and producing a serialized representation is the job

  192. of the generator classes.</p>

  193. <p>As with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code></a> module, you aren’t limited to the functionality

  194. of the bundled generator; you could write one from scratch yourself.  However

  195. the bundled generator knows how to generate most email in a standards-compliant

  196. way, should handle MIME and non-MIME email messages just fine, and is designed

  197. so that the bytes-oriented parsing and generation operations are inverses,

  198. assuming the same non-transforming <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> is used for both.  That

  199. is, parsing the serialized byte stream via the

  200. <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#email.parser.BytesParser" title="email.parser.BytesParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesParser</span></code></a> class and then regenerating the serialized

  201. byte stream using <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></code></a> should produce output identical to

  202. the input <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id3" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>.  (On the other hand, using the generator on an

  203. <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> constructed by program may result in

  204. changes to the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> object as defaults are

  205. filled in.)</p>

  206. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> class can be used to flatten a message into a text (as

  207. opposed to binary) serialized representation, but since Unicode cannot

  208. represent binary data directly, the message is of necessity transformed into

  209. something that contains only ASCII characters, using the standard email RFC

  210. Content Transfer Encoding techniques for encoding email messages for transport

  211. over channels that are not “8 bit clean”.</p>

  212. <p>To accommodate reproducible processing of SMIME-signed messages

  213. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> disables header folding for message parts of type

  214. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multipart/signed</span></code> and all subparts.</p>

  215. <dl class="py class">

  216. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.BytesGenerator">

  217. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.generator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">outfp</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mangle_from_</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">maxheaderlen</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">policy</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  218. <dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></code></a> object that will write any message provided

  219. to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flatten()</span></code></a> method, or any surrogateescape encoded text provided

  220. to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.write" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a> method, to the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file-like object</span></a> <em>outfp</em>.

  221. <em>outfp</em> must support a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write</span></code> method that accepts binary data.</p>

  222. <p>If optional <em>mangle_from_</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, put a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;</span></code> character in front of

  223. any line in the body that starts with the exact string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;From</span> <span class="pre">&quot;</span></code>, that is

  224. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">From</span></code> followed by a space at the beginning of a line.  <em>mangle_from_</em>

  225. defaults to the value of the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.Policy.mangle_from_" title="email.policy.Policy.mangle_from_"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mangle_from_</span></code></a>

  226. setting of the <em>policy</em> (which is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for the

  227. <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> policy and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for all others).

  228. <em>mangle_from_</em> is intended for use when messages are stored in Unix mbox

  229. format (see <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html">WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH FORMAT IS BAD</a>).</p>

  230. <p>If <em>maxheaderlen</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, refold any header lines that are longer

  231. than <em>maxheaderlen</em>, or if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, do not rewrap any headers.  If

  232. <em>manheaderlen</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (the default), wrap headers and other message

  233. lines according to the <em>policy</em> settings.</p>

  234. <p>If <em>policy</em> is specified, use that policy to control message generation.  If

  235. <em>policy</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (the default), use the policy associated with the

  236. <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>

  237. object passed to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flatten</span></code> to control the message generation.  See

  238. <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code></a> for details on what <em>policy</em> controls.</p>

  239. <div class="versionadded">

  240. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  241. </div>

  242. <div class="versionchanged">

  243. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Added the <em>policy</em> keyword.</p>

  244. </div>

  245. <div class="versionchanged">

  246. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>The default behavior of the <em>mangle_from_</em>

  247. and <em>maxheaderlen</em> parameters is to follow the policy.</p>

  248. </div>

  249. <dl class="py method">

  250. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten">

  251. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">flatten</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">msg</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">unixfrom</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">linesep</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  252. <dd><p>Print the textual representation of the message object structure rooted

  253. at <em>msg</em> to the output file specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></code></a>

  254. instance was created.</p>

  255. <p>If the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> option <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.Policy.cte_type" title="email.policy.Policy.cte_type"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cte_type</span></code></a>

  256. is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8bit</span></code> (the default), copy any headers in the original parsed

  257. message that have not been modified to the output with any bytes with the

  258. high bit set reproduced as in the original, and preserve the non-ASCII

  259. <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em> of any body parts that have them.

  260. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cte_type</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">7bit</span></code>, convert the bytes with the high bit set as

  261. needed using an ASCII-compatible <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em>.

  262. That is, transform parts with non-ASCII

  263. <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em>

  264. (<em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit</em>) to an ASCII compatible

  265. <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em>, and encode RFC-invalid non-ASCII

  266. bytes in headers using the MIME <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unknown-8bit</span></code> character set, thus

  267. rendering them RFC-compliant.</p>

  268. <p>If <em>unixfrom</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, print the envelope header delimiter used by

  269. the Unix mailbox format (see <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a>) before the first of the

  270. <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322.html"><strong>RFC 5322</strong></a> headers of the root message object.  If the root object has

  271. no envelope header, craft a standard one.  The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.

  272. Note that for subparts, no envelope header is ever printed.</p>

  273. <p>If <em>linesep</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, use it as the separator character between

  274. all the lines of the flattened message.  If <em>linesep</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (the

  275. default), use the value specified in the <em>policy</em>.</p>

  276. </dd></dl>

  277. 

  278. <dl class="py method">

  279. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.BytesGenerator.clone">

  280. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clone</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fp</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.clone" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  281. <dd><p>Return an independent clone of this <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></code></a> instance with

  282. the exact same option settings, and <em>fp</em> as the new <em>outfp</em>.</p>

  283. </dd></dl>

  284. 

  285. <dl class="py method">

  286. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.BytesGenerator.write">

  287. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">s</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.write" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  288. <dd><p>Encode <em>s</em> using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ASCII</span></code> codec and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">surrogateescape</span></code> error

  289. handler, and pass it to the <em>write</em> method of the <em>outfp</em> passed to the

  290. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></code></a>’s constructor.</p>

  291. </dd></dl>

  292. 

  293. </dd></dl>

  294. 

  295. <p>As a convenience, <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> provides the methods

  296. <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage.as_bytes" title="email.message.EmailMessage.as_bytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_bytes()</span></code></a> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes(aMessage)</span></code> (a.k.a.

  297. <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage.__bytes__" title="email.message.EmailMessage.__bytes__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__bytes__()</span></code></a>), which simplify the generation of

  298. a serialized binary representation of a message object.  For more detail, see

  299. <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code></a>.</p>

  300. <p>Because strings cannot represent binary data, the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> class must

  301. convert any binary data in any message it flattens to an ASCII compatible

  302. format, by converting them to an ASCII compatible

  303. <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer_Encoding</em>.  Using the terminology of the email

  304. RFCs, you can think of this as <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> serializing to an I/O stream

  305. that is not “8 bit clean”.  In other words, most applications will want

  306. to be using <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></code></a>, and not <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a>.</p>

  307. <dl class="py class">

  308. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.Generator">

  309. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.generator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Generator</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">outfp</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mangle_from_</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">maxheaderlen</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">policy</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  310. <dd><p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> object that will write any message provided

  311. to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator.flatten" title="email.generator.Generator.flatten"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flatten()</span></code></a> method, or any text provided to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator.write" title="email.generator.Generator.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a>

  312. method, to the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">file-like object</span></a> <em>outfp</em>.  <em>outfp</em> must support a

  313. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write</span></code> method that accepts string data.</p>

  314. <p>If optional <em>mangle_from_</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, put a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;</span></code> character in front of

  315. any line in the body that starts with the exact string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;From</span> <span class="pre">&quot;</span></code>, that is

  316. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">From</span></code> followed by a space at the beginning of a line.  <em>mangle_from_</em>

  317. defaults to the value of the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.Policy.mangle_from_" title="email.policy.Policy.mangle_from_"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mangle_from_</span></code></a>

  318. setting of the <em>policy</em> (which is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for the

  319. <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> policy and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for all others).

  320. <em>mangle_from_</em> is intended for use when messages are stored in Unix mbox

  321. format (see <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html">WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH FORMAT IS BAD</a>).</p>

  322. <p>If <em>maxheaderlen</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, refold any header lines that are longer

  323. than <em>maxheaderlen</em>, or if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, do not rewrap any headers.  If

  324. <em>manheaderlen</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (the default), wrap headers and other message

  325. lines according to the <em>policy</em> settings.</p>

  326. <p>If <em>policy</em> is specified, use that policy to control message generation.  If

  327. <em>policy</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (the default), use the policy associated with the

  328. <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>

  329. object passed to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flatten</span></code> to control the message generation.  See

  330. <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code></a> for details on what <em>policy</em> controls.</p>

  331. <div class="versionchanged">

  332. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Added the <em>policy</em> keyword.</p>

  333. </div>

  334. <div class="versionchanged">

  335. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>The default behavior of the <em>mangle_from_</em>

  336. and <em>maxheaderlen</em> parameters is to follow the policy.</p>

  337. </div>

  338. <dl class="py method">

  339. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.Generator.flatten">

  340. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">flatten</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">msg</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">unixfrom</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">linesep</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.flatten" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  341. <dd><p>Print the textual representation of the message object structure rooted

  342. at <em>msg</em> to the output file specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a>

  343. instance was created.</p>

  344. <p>If the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> option <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.Policy.cte_type" title="email.policy.Policy.cte_type"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cte_type</span></code></a>

  345. is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8bit</span></code>, generate the message as if the option were set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">7bit</span></code>.

  346. (This is required because strings cannot represent non-ASCII bytes.)

  347. Convert any bytes with the high bit set as needed using an

  348. ASCII-compatible <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em>.  That is,

  349. transform parts with non-ASCII <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em>

  350. (<em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit</em>) to an ASCII compatible

  351. <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em>, and encode RFC-invalid non-ASCII

  352. bytes in headers using the MIME <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unknown-8bit</span></code> character set, thus

  353. rendering them RFC-compliant.</p>

  354. <p>If <em>unixfrom</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, print the envelope header delimiter used by

  355. the Unix mailbox format (see <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a>) before the first of the

  356. <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322.html"><strong>RFC 5322</strong></a> headers of the root message object.  If the root object has

  357. no envelope header, craft a standard one.  The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.

  358. Note that for subparts, no envelope header is ever printed.</p>

  359. <p>If <em>linesep</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, use it as the separator character between

  360. all the lines of the flattened message.  If <em>linesep</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (the

  361. default), use the value specified in the <em>policy</em>.</p>

  362. <div class="versionchanged">

  363. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added support for re-encoding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8bit</span></code> message bodies, and the

  364. <em>linesep</em> argument.</p>

  365. </div>

  366. </dd></dl>

  367. 

  368. <dl class="py method">

  369. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.Generator.clone">

  370. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clone</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fp</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.clone" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  371. <dd><p>Return an independent clone of this <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> instance with the

  372. exact same options, and <em>fp</em> as the new <em>outfp</em>.</p>

  373. </dd></dl>

  374. 

  375. <dl class="py method">

  376. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.Generator.write">

  377. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">s</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.write" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  378. <dd><p>Write <em>s</em> to the <em>write</em> method of the <em>outfp</em> passed to the

  379. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a>’s constructor.  This provides just enough file-like

  380. API for <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> instances to be used in the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a>

  381. function.</p>

  382. </dd></dl>

  383. 

  384. </dd></dl>

  385. 

  386. <p>As a convenience, <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> provides the methods

  387. <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage.as_string" title="email.message.EmailMessage.as_string"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">as_string()</span></code></a> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str(aMessage)</span></code> (a.k.a.

  388. <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage.__str__" title="email.message.EmailMessage.__str__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__str__()</span></code></a>), which simplify the generation of

  389. a formatted string representation of a message object.  For more detail, see

  390. <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code></a>.</p>

  391. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code></a> module also provides a derived class,

  392. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.DecodedGenerator" title="email.generator.DecodedGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DecodedGenerator</span></code></a>, which is like the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> base class,

  393. except that non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> parts are not serialized, but are instead

  394. represented in the output stream by a string derived from a template filled

  395. in with information about the part.</p>

  396. <dl class="py class">

  397. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.generator.DecodedGenerator">

  398. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.generator.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DecodedGenerator</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">outfp</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mangle_from_</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">maxheaderlen</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fmt</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">policy</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.DecodedGenerator" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  399. <dd><p>Act like <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a>, except that for any subpart of the message

  400. passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator.flatten" title="email.generator.Generator.flatten"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator.flatten()</span></code></a>, if the subpart is of main type

  401. <em class="mimetype">text</em>, print the decoded payload of the subpart, and if the main

  402. type is not <em class="mimetype">text</em>, instead of printing it fill in the string

  403. <em>fmt</em> using information from the part and print the resulting

  404. filled-in string.</p>

  405. <p>To fill in <em>fmt</em>, execute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fmt</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">part_info</span></code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">part_info</span></code>

  406. is a dictionary composed of the following keys and values:</p>

  407. <ul class="simple">

  408. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> – Full MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>

  409. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maintype</span></code> – Main MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>

  410. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subtype</span></code> – Sub-MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>

  411. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filename</span></code> – Filename of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>

  412. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">description</span></code> – Description associated with the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>

  413. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encoding</span></code> – Content transfer encoding of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</p></li>

  414. </ul>

  415. <p>If <em>fmt</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, use the following default <em>fmt</em>:</p>

  416. <blockquote>

  417. <div><p>“[Non-text (%(type)s) part of message omitted, filename %(filename)s]”</p>

  418. </div></blockquote>

  419. <p>Optional <em>_mangle_from_</em> and <em>maxheaderlen</em> are as with the

  420. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> base class.</p>

  421. </dd></dl>

  422. 

  423. <p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>

  424. <aside class="footnote-list brackets">

  425. <aside class="footnote brackets" id="id3" role="doc-footnote">

  426. <span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">1</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>

  427. <p>This statement assumes that you use the appropriate setting for

  428. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unixfrom</span></code>, and that there are no <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code></a> settings calling for

  429. automatic adjustments (for example,

  430. <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.EmailPolicy.refold_source" title="email.policy.EmailPolicy.refold_source"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">refold_source</span></code></a> must be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">none</span></code>, which is

  431. <em>not</em> the default).  It is also not 100% true, since if the message

  432. does not conform to the RFC standards occasionally information about the

  433. exact original text is lost during parsing error recovery.  It is a goal

  434. to fix these latter edge cases when possible.</p>

  435. </aside>

  436. </aside>

  437. </section>

  438. 

  439. 

  440.             <div class="clearer"></div>

  441.           </div>

  442.         </div>

  443.       </div>

  444.       <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">

  445.         <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">

  446.   <div>

  447.     <h4>Previous topic</h4>

  448.     <p class="topless"><a href="email.parser.html"

  449.                           title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: Parsing email messages</a></p>

  450.   </div>

  451.   <div>

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