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  196.   <section id="module-dis">

  197. <span id="dis-disassembler-for-python-bytecode"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> — Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  198. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a></p>

  199. <hr class="docutils" />

  200. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode"><span class="xref std std-term">bytecode</span></a> by

  201. disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is

  202. defined in the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Include/opcode.h</span></code> and used by the compiler and the

  203. interpreter.</p>

  204. <div class="impl-detail compound">

  205. <p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter.  No

  206. guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed

  207. between versions of Python.  Use of this module should not be considered to

  208. work across Python VMs or Python releases.</p>

  209. <div class="versionchanged">

  210. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Use 2 bytes for each instruction. Previously the number of bytes varied

  211. by instruction.</p>

  212. </div>

  213. <div class="versionchanged">

  214. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The argument of jump, exception handling and loop instructions is now

  215. the instruction offset rather than the byte offset.</p>

  216. </div>

  217. <div class="versionchanged">

  218. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Some instructions are accompanied by one or more inline cache entries,

  219. which take the form of <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CACHE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CACHE</span></code></a> instructions. These instructions

  220. are hidden by default, but can be shown by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">show_caches=True</span></code> to

  221. any <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> utility. Furthermore, the interpreter now adapts the

  222. bytecode to specialize it for different runtime conditions. The

  223. adaptive bytecode can be shown by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">adaptive=True</span></code>.</p>

  224. </div>

  225. <div class="versionchanged">

  226. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>The argument of a jump is the offset of the target instruction relative

  227. to the instruction that appears immediately after the jump instruction’s

  228. <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CACHE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CACHE</span></code></a> entries.</p>

  229. <p>As a consequence, the presence of the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CACHE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CACHE</span></code></a> instructions is

  230. transparent for forward jumps but needs to be taken into account when

  231. reasoning about backward jumps.</p>

  232. </div>

  233. </div>

  234. <p>Example: Given the function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>

  235. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">):</span>

  236.     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">)</span>

  237. </pre></div>

  238. </div>

  239. <p>the following command can be used to display the disassembly of

  240. <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>

  241. <div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>

  242. <span class="go">  2           0 RESUME                   0</span>

  243. 

  244. <span class="go">  3           2 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (NULL + len)</span>

  245. <span class="go">             12 LOAD_FAST                0 (alist)</span>

  246. <span class="go">             14 CALL                     1</span>

  247. <span class="go">             22 RETURN_VALUE</span>

  248. </pre></div>

  249. </div>

  250. <p>(The “2” is a line number).</p>

  251. <section id="command-line-interface">

  252. <span id="dis-cli"></span><h2>Command-line interface<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-interface" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  253. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module can be invoked as a script from the command line:</p>

  254. <div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>dis<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>-h<span class="o">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>infile<span class="o">]</span>

  255. </pre></div>

  256. </div>

  257. <p>The following options are accepted:</p>

  258. <dl class="std cmdoption">

  259. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-dis-h">

  260. <span id="cmdoption-dis-help"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-h</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--help</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-dis-h" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  261. <dd><p>Display usage and exit.</p>

  262. </dd></dl>

  263. 

  264. <p>If <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">infile</span></code> is specified, its disassembled code will be written to stdout.

  265. Otherwise, disassembly is performed on compiled source code recieved from stdin.</p>

  266. </section>

  267. <section id="bytecode-analysis">

  268. <h2>Bytecode analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#bytecode-analysis" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  269. <div class="versionadded">

  270. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  271. </div>

  272. <p>The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped in a

  273. <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> object that provides easy access to details of the compiled

  274. code.</p>

  275. <dl class="py class">

  276. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode">

  277. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">first_line</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">current_offset</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_caches</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adaptive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  278. <dd><p>Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator, asynchronous

  279. generator, coroutine, method, string of source code, or a code object (as

  280. returned by <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>).</p>

  281. <p>This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below, most

  282. notably <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></code></a>, as iterating over a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a>

  283. instance yields the bytecode operations as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> instances.</p>

  284. <p>If <em>first_line</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it indicates the line number that should be

  285. reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.  Otherwise, the

  286. source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code

  287. object.</p>

  288. <p>If <em>current_offset</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it refers to an instruction offset in the

  289. disassembled code. Setting this means <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="dis.Bytecode.dis"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis()</span></code></a> will display a “current

  290. instruction” marker against the specified opcode.</p>

  291. <p>If <em>show_caches</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="dis.Bytecode.dis"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis()</span></code></a> will display inline cache

  292. entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.</p>

  293. <p>If <em>adaptive</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="dis.Bytecode.dis"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis()</span></code></a> will display specialized bytecode

  294. that may be different from the original bytecode.</p>

  295. <dl class="py method">

  296. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.from_traceback">

  297. <em class="property"><span class="pre">classmethod</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">from_traceback</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tb</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_caches</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.from_traceback" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  298. <dd><p>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> instance from the given traceback, setting

  299. <em>current_offset</em> to the instruction responsible for the exception.</p>

  300. </dd></dl>

  301. 

  302. <dl class="py data">

  303. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.codeobj">

  304. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">codeobj</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.codeobj" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  305. <dd><p>The compiled code object.</p>

  306. </dd></dl>

  307. 

  308. <dl class="py data">

  309. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.first_line">

  310. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">first_line</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.first_line" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  311. <dd><p>The first source line of the code object (if available)</p>

  312. </dd></dl>

  313. 

  314. <dl class="py method">

  315. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.dis">

  316. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dis</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  317. <dd><p>Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as printed by

  318. <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.dis" title="dis.dis"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis.dis()</span></code></a>, but returned as a multi-line string).</p>

  319. </dd></dl>

  320. 

  321. <dl class="py method">

  322. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Bytecode.info">

  323. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">info</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.info" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  324. <dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the

  325. code object, like <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.code_info" title="dis.code_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code_info()</span></code></a>.</p>

  326. </dd></dl>

  327. 

  328. <div class="versionchanged">

  329. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>

  330. </div>

  331. <div class="versionchanged">

  332. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>show_caches</em> and <em>adaptive</em> parameters.</p>

  333. </div>

  334. </dd></dl>

  335. 

  336. <p>Example:</p>

  337. <div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">bytecode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bytecode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>

  338. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">instr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">bytecode</span><span class="p">:</span>

  339. <span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">opname</span><span class="p">)</span>

  340. <span class="gp">...</span>

  341. <span class="go">RESUME</span>

  342. <span class="go">LOAD_GLOBAL</span>

  343. <span class="go">LOAD_FAST</span>

  344. <span class="go">CALL</span>

  345. <span class="go">RETURN_VALUE</span>

  346. </pre></div>

  347. </div>

  348. </section>

  349. <section id="analysis-functions">

  350. <h2>Analysis functions<a class="headerlink" href="#analysis-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  351. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module also defines the following analysis functions that convert

  352. the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful if only a single

  353. operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis object isn’t useful:</p>

  354. <dl class="py function">

  355. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.code_info">

  356. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">code_info</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.code_info" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  357. <dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information

  358. for the supplied function, generator, asynchronous generator, coroutine,

  359. method, source code string or code object.</p>

  360. <p>Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation

  361. dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python

  362. releases.</p>

  363. <div class="versionadded">

  364. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  365. </div>

  366. <div class="versionchanged">

  367. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>

  368. </div>

  369. </dd></dl>

  370. 

  371. <dl class="py function">

  372. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.show_code">

  373. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">show_code</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.show_code" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  374. <dd><p>Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method,

  375. source code string or code object to <em>file</em> (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> if <em>file</em>

  376. is not specified).</p>

  377. <p>This is a convenient shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print(code_info(x),</span> <span class="pre">file=file)</span></code>,

  378. intended for interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.</p>

  379. <div class="versionadded">

  380. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  381. </div>

  382. <div class="versionchanged">

  383. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>

  384. </div>

  385. </dd></dl>

  386. 

  387. <dl class="py function">

  388. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.dis">

  389. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dis</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">depth</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_caches</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adaptive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  390. <dd><p>Disassemble the <em>x</em> object.  <em>x</em> can denote either a module, a class, a

  391. method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous generator, a coroutine,

  392. a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode.

  393. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles

  394. all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or

  395. sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction.

  396. It also recursively disassembles nested code objects. These can include

  397. generator expressions, nested functions, the bodies of nested classes,

  398. and the code objects used for <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/executionmodel.html#annotation-scopes"><span class="std std-ref">annotation scopes</span></a>.

  399. Strings are first compiled to code objects with the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>

  400. built-in function before being disassembled.  If no object is provided, this

  401. function disassembles the last traceback.</p>

  402. <p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if

  403. provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>

  404. <p>The maximal depth of recursion is limited by <em>depth</em> unless it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.

  405. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depth=0</span></code> means no recursion.</p>

  406. <p>If <em>show_caches</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, this function will display inline cache

  407. entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.</p>

  408. <p>If <em>adaptive</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, this function will display specialized bytecode

  409. that may be different from the original bytecode.</p>

  410. <div class="versionchanged">

  411. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>

  412. </div>

  413. <div class="versionchanged">

  414. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Implemented recursive disassembling and added <em>depth</em> parameter.</p>

  415. </div>

  416. <div class="versionchanged">

  417. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>

  418. </div>

  419. <div class="versionchanged">

  420. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>show_caches</em> and <em>adaptive</em> parameters.</p>

  421. </div>

  422. </dd></dl>

  423. 

  424. <dl class="py function">

  425. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.distb">

  426. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">distb</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tb</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_caches</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adaptive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  427. <dd><p>Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last

  428. traceback if none was passed.  The instruction causing the exception is

  429. indicated.</p>

  430. <p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if

  431. provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>

  432. <div class="versionchanged">

  433. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>

  434. </div>

  435. <div class="versionchanged">

  436. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>show_caches</em> and <em>adaptive</em> parameters.</p>

  437. </div>

  438. </dd></dl>

  439. 

  440. <dl class="py function">

  441. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.disassemble">

  442. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">disassemble</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">code</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lasti</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_caches</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adaptive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  443. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.disco">

  444. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">disco</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">code</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lasti</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_caches</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adaptive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  445. <dd><p>Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if <em>lasti</em> was

  446. provided.  The output is divided in the following columns:</p>

  447. <ol class="arabic simple">

  448. <li><p>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</p></li>

  449. <li><p>the current instruction, indicated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--&gt;</span></code>,</p></li>

  450. <li><p>a labelled instruction, indicated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></code>,</p></li>

  451. <li><p>the address of the instruction,</p></li>

  452. <li><p>the operation code name,</p></li>

  453. <li><p>operation parameters, and</p></li>

  454. <li><p>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</p></li>

  455. </ol>

  456. <p>The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,

  457. constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.</p>

  458. <p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if

  459. provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>

  460. <div class="versionchanged">

  461. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>

  462. </div>

  463. <div class="versionchanged">

  464. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>show_caches</em> and <em>adaptive</em> parameters.</p>

  465. </div>

  466. </dd></dl>

  467. 

  468. <dl class="py function">

  469. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.get_instructions">

  470. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_instructions</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">first_line</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">show_caches</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">adaptive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  471. <dd><p>Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function, method,

  472. source code string or code object.</p>

  473. <p>The iterator generates a series of <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> named tuples giving

  474. the details of each operation in the supplied code.</p>

  475. <p>If <em>first_line</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it indicates the line number that should be

  476. reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.  Otherwise, the

  477. source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code

  478. object.</p>

  479. <p>The <em>show_caches</em> and <em>adaptive</em> parameters work as they do in <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis()</span></code></a>.</p>

  480. <div class="versionadded">

  481. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  482. </div>

  483. <div class="versionchanged">

  484. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>show_caches</em> and <em>adaptive</em> parameters.</p>

  485. </div>

  486. </dd></dl>

  487. 

  488. <dl class="py function">

  489. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.findlinestarts">

  490. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">findlinestarts</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">code</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  491. <dd><p>This generator function uses the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_lines" title="codeobject.co_lines"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lines()</span></code></a> method

  492. of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#code-objects"><span class="std std-ref">code object</span></a> <em>code</em> to find the offsets which

  493. are starts of

  494. lines in the source code.  They are generated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(offset,</span> <span class="pre">lineno)</span></code> pairs.</p>

  495. <div class="versionchanged">

  496. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Line numbers can be decreasing. Before, they were always increasing.</p>

  497. </div>

  498. <div class="versionchanged">

  499. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0626/"><strong>PEP 626</strong></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_lines" title="codeobject.co_lines"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lines()</span></code></a> method is used instead of the

  500. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_firstlineno" title="codeobject.co_firstlineno"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_firstlineno</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_lnotab" title="codeobject.co_lnotab"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></code></a>

  501. attributes of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#code-objects"><span class="std std-ref">code object</span></a>.</p>

  502. </div>

  503. </dd></dl>

  504. 

  505. <dl class="py function">

  506. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.findlabels">

  507. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">findlabels</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">code</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  508. <dd><p>Detect all offsets in the raw compiled bytecode string <em>code</em> which are jump targets, and

  509. return a list of these offsets.</p>

  510. </dd></dl>

  511. 

  512. <dl class="py function">

  513. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.stack_effect">

  514. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stack_effect</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">opcode</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">oparg</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">jump</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.stack_effect" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  515. <dd><p>Compute the stack effect of <em>opcode</em> with argument <em>oparg</em>.</p>

  516. <p>If the code has a jump target and <em>jump</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.stack_effect" title="dis.stack_effect"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stack_effect()</span></code></a>

  517. will return the stack effect of jumping.  If <em>jump</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>,

  518. it will return the stack effect of not jumping. And if <em>jump</em> is

  519. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (default), it will return the maximal stack effect of both cases.</p>

  520. <div class="versionadded">

  521. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  522. </div>

  523. <div class="versionchanged">

  524. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Added <em>jump</em> parameter.</p>

  525. </div>

  526. </dd></dl>

  527. 

  528. </section>

  529. <section id="python-bytecode-instructions">

  530. <span id="bytecodes"></span><h2>Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  531. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></code></a> function and <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> class provide

  532. details of bytecode instructions as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> instances:</p>

  533. <dl class="py class">

  534. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction">

  535. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  536. <dd><p>Details for a bytecode operation</p>

  537. <dl class="py data">

  538. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.opcode">

  539. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">opcode</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opcode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  540. <dd><p>numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values listed

  541. below and the bytecode values in the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections"><span class="std std-ref">Opcode collections</span></a>.</p>

  542. </dd></dl>

  543. 

  544. <dl class="py data">

  545. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.opname">

  546. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">opname</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opname" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  547. <dd><p>human readable name for operation</p>

  548. </dd></dl>

  549. 

  550. <dl class="py data">

  551. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.arg">

  552. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">arg</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.arg" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  553. <dd><p>numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>

  554. </dd></dl>

  555. 

  556. <dl class="py data">

  557. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.argval">

  558. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">argval</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argval" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  559. <dd><p>resolved arg value (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>

  560. </dd></dl>

  561. 

  562. <dl class="py data">

  563. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.argrepr">

  564. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">argrepr</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argrepr" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  565. <dd><p>human readable description of operation argument (if any),

  566. otherwise an empty string.</p>

  567. </dd></dl>

  568. 

  569. <dl class="py data">

  570. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.offset">

  571. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">offset</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.offset" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  572. <dd><p>start index of operation within bytecode sequence</p>

  573. </dd></dl>

  574. 

  575. <dl class="py data">

  576. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.starts_line">

  577. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">starts_line</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.starts_line" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  578. <dd><p>line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>

  579. </dd></dl>

  580. 

  581. <dl class="py data">

  582. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.is_jump_target">

  583. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_jump_target</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.is_jump_target" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  584. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if other code jumps to here, otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></p>

  585. </dd></dl>

  586. 

  587. <dl class="py data">

  588. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Instruction.positions">

  589. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">positions</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.positions" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  590. <dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Positions" title="dis.Positions"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis.Positions</span></code></a> object holding the

  591. start and end locations that are covered by this instruction.</p>

  592. </dd></dl>

  593. 

  594. <div class="versionadded">

  595. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  596. </div>

  597. <div class="versionchanged">

  598. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Field <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">positions</span></code> is added.</p>

  599. </div>

  600. </dd></dl>

  601. 

  602. <dl class="py class">

  603. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Positions">

  604. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Positions</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Positions" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  605. <dd><p>In case the information is not available, some fields might be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>

  606. <dl class="py data">

  607. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Positions.lineno">

  608. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lineno</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Positions.lineno" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  609. <dd></dd></dl>

  610. 

  611. <dl class="py data">

  612. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Positions.end_lineno">

  613. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">end_lineno</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Positions.end_lineno" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  614. <dd></dd></dl>

  615. 

  616. <dl class="py data">

  617. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Positions.col_offset">

  618. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">col_offset</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Positions.col_offset" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  619. <dd></dd></dl>

  620. 

  621. <dl class="py data">

  622. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.Positions.end_col_offset">

  623. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">end_col_offset</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Positions.end_col_offset" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  624. <dd></dd></dl>

  625. 

  626. <div class="versionadded">

  627. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  628. </div>

  629. </dd></dl>

  630. 

  631. <p>The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.</p>

  632. <p><strong>General instructions</strong></p>

  633. <p>In the following, We will refer to the interpreter stack as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK</span></code> and describe

  634. operations on it as if it was a Python list. The top of the stack corresponds to

  635. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> in this language.</p>

  636. <dl class="std opcode">

  637. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-NOP">

  638. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">NOP</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  639. <dd><p>Do nothing code.  Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer, and to

  640. generate line tracing events.</p>

  641. </dd></dl>

  642. 

  643. <dl class="std opcode">

  644. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_TOP">

  645. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  646. <dd><p>Removes the top-of-stack item:</p>

  647. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  648. </pre></div>

  649. </div>

  650. </dd></dl>

  651. 

  652. <dl class="std opcode">

  653. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-END_FOR">

  654. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">END_FOR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FOR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  655. <dd><p>Removes the top two values from the stack.

  656. Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code>; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code>.

  657. Used to clean up at the end of loops, hence the name.</p>

  658. <div class="versionadded">

  659. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  660. </div>

  661. </dd></dl>

  662. 

  663. <dl class="std opcode">

  664. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-END_SEND">

  665. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">END_SEND</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_SEND" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  666. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>.

  667. Used to clean up when a generator exits.</p>

  668. <div class="versionadded">

  669. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  670. </div>

  671. </dd></dl>

  672. 

  673. <dl class="std opcode">

  674. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-COPY">

  675. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">COPY</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COPY" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  676. <dd><p>Push the i-th item to the top of the stack without removing it from its original

  677. location:</p>

  678. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span>

  679. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">])</span>

  680. </pre></div>

  681. </div>

  682. <div class="versionadded">

  683. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  684. </div>

  685. </dd></dl>

  686. 

  687. <dl class="std opcode">

  688. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SWAP">

  689. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SWAP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SWAP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  690. <dd><p>Swap the top of the stack with the i-th element:</p>

  691. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>

  692. </pre></div>

  693. </div>

  694. <div class="versionadded">

  695. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  696. </div>

  697. </dd></dl>

  698. 

  699. <dl class="std opcode">

  700. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CACHE">

  701. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CACHE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CACHE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  702. <dd><p>Rather than being an actual instruction, this opcode is used to mark extra

  703. space for the interpreter to cache useful data directly in the bytecode

  704. itself. It is automatically hidden by all <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> utilities, but can be

  705. viewed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">show_caches=True</span></code>.</p>

  706. <p>Logically, this space is part of the preceding instruction. Many opcodes

  707. expect to be followed by an exact number of caches, and will instruct the

  708. interpreter to skip over them at runtime.</p>

  709. <p>Populated caches can look like arbitrary instructions, so great care should

  710. be taken when reading or modifying raw, adaptive bytecode containing

  711. quickened data.</p>

  712. <div class="versionadded">

  713. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  714. </div>

  715. </dd></dl>

  716. 

  717. <p><strong>Unary operations</strong></p>

  718. <p>Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the

  719. result back on the stack.</p>

  720. <dl class="std opcode">

  721. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">

  722. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">UNARY_NEGATIVE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  723. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-STACK[-1]</span></code>.</p>

  724. </dd></dl>

  725. 

  726. <dl class="std opcode">

  727. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">

  728. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">UNARY_NOT</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  729. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>.</p>

  730. </dd></dl>

  731. 

  732. <dl class="std opcode">

  733. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">

  734. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">UNARY_INVERT</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  735. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">~STACK[-1]</span></code>.</p>

  736. </dd></dl>

  737. 

  738. <dl class="std opcode">

  739. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_ITER">

  740. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">GET_ITER</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  741. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(STACK[-1])</span></code>.</p>

  742. </dd></dl>

  743. 

  744. <dl class="std opcode">

  745. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER">

  746. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  747. <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator iterator</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine</span></a> object

  748. it is left as is.  Otherwise, implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(STACK[-1])</span></code>.</p>

  749. <div class="versionadded">

  750. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  751. </div>

  752. </dd></dl>

  753. 

  754. <p><strong>Binary and in-place operations</strong></p>

  755. <p>Binary operations remove the top two items from the stack (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> and

  756. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>). They perform the operation, then put the result back on the stack.</p>

  757. <p>In-place operations are like binary operations, but the operation is done in-place

  758. when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> supports it, and the resulting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> may be (but does

  759. not have to be) the original <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>.</p>

  760. <dl class="std opcode">

  761. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_OP">

  762. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BINARY_OP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">op</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  763. <dd><p>Implements the binary and in-place operators (depending on the value of

  764. <em>op</em>):</p>

  765. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">rhs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  766. <span class="n">lhs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  767. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lhs</span> <span class="n">op</span> <span class="n">rhs</span><span class="p">)</span>

  768. </pre></div>

  769. </div>

  770. <div class="versionadded">

  771. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  772. </div>

  773. </dd></dl>

  774. 

  775. <dl class="std opcode">

  776. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">

  777. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BINARY_SUBSCR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  778. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  779. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  780. <span class="n">container</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  781. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">container</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">])</span>

  782. </pre></div>

  783. </div>

  784. </dd></dl>

  785. 

  786. <dl class="std opcode">

  787. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">

  788. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STORE_SUBSCR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  789. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  790. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  791. <span class="n">container</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  792. <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  793. <span class="n">container</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>

  794. </pre></div>

  795. </div>

  796. </dd></dl>

  797. 

  798. <dl class="std opcode">

  799. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">

  800. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DELETE_SUBSCR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  801. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  802. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  803. <span class="n">container</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  804. <span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">container</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">]</span>

  805. </pre></div>

  806. </div>

  807. </dd></dl>

  808. 

  809. <dl class="std opcode">

  810. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_SLICE">

  811. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BINARY_SLICE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SLICE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  812. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  813. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  814. <span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  815. <span class="n">container</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  816. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">container</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">])</span>

  817. </pre></div>

  818. </div>

  819. <div class="versionadded">

  820. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  821. </div>

  822. </dd></dl>

  823. 

  824. <dl class="std opcode">

  825. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SLICE">

  826. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STORE_SLICE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  827. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  828. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  829. <span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  830. <span class="n">container</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  831. <span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  832. <span class="n">container</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>

  833. </pre></div>

  834. </div>

  835. <div class="versionadded">

  836. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  837. </div>

  838. </dd></dl>

  839. 

  840. <p><strong>Coroutine opcodes</strong></p>

  841. <dl class="std opcode">

  842. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_AWAITABLE">

  843. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">GET_AWAITABLE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">where</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AWAITABLE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  844. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">get_awaitable(STACK[-1])</span></code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_awaitable(o)</span></code>

  845. returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o</span></code> is a coroutine object or a generator object with

  846. the <a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html#inspect.CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE" title="inspect.CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE</span></code></a> flag, or resolves

  847. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o.__await__</span></code>.</p>

  848. <blockquote>

  849. <div><p>If the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where</span></code> operand is nonzero, it indicates where the instruction

  850. occurs:</p>

  851. <ul class="simple">

  852. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>: After a call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__</span></code></p></li>

  853. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code>: After a call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aexit__</span></code></p></li>

  854. </ul>

  855. </div></blockquote>

  856. <div class="versionadded">

  857. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  858. </div>

  859. <div class="versionchanged">

  860. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Previously, this instruction did not have an oparg.</p>

  861. </div>

  862. </dd></dl>

  863. 

  864. <dl class="std opcode">

  865. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_AITER">

  866. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">GET_AITER</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AITER" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  867. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-1].__aiter__()</span></code>.</p>

  868. <div class="versionadded">

  869. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  870. </div>

  871. <div class="versionchanged">

  872. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Returning awaitable objects from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aiter__</span></code> is no longer

  873. supported.</p>

  874. </div>

  875. </dd></dl>

  876. 

  877. <dl class="std opcode">

  878. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_ANEXT">

  879. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">GET_ANEXT</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ANEXT" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  880. <dd><p>Implement <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK.append(get_awaitable(STACK[-1].__anext__()))</span></code> to the stack.

  881. See <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GET_AWAITABLE</span></code> for details about <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_awaitable</span></code>.</p>

  882. <div class="versionadded">

  883. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  884. </div>

  885. </dd></dl>

  886. 

  887. <dl class="std opcode">

  888. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-END_ASYNC_FOR">

  889. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">END_ASYNC_FOR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_ASYNC_FOR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  890. <dd><p>Terminates an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">for</span></code></a> loop.  Handles an exception raised

  891. when awaiting a next item. The stack contains the async iterable in

  892. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> and the raised exception in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>. Both are popped.

  893. If the exception is not <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#StopAsyncIteration" title="StopAsyncIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopAsyncIteration</span></code></a>, it is re-raised.</p>

  894. <div class="versionadded">

  895. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8.</span></p>

  896. </div>

  897. <div class="versionchanged">

  898. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.</p>

  899. </div>

  900. </dd></dl>

  901. 

  902. <dl class="std opcode">

  903. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CLEANUP_THROW">

  904. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CLEANUP_THROW</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CLEANUP_THROW" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  905. <dd><p>Handles an exception raised during a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#generator.throw" title="generator.throw"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">throw()</span></code></a> or

  906. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#generator.close" title="generator.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close()</span></code></a> call through the current frame.  If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is an

  907. instance of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#StopIteration" title="StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a>, pop three values from the stack and push

  908. its <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code> member.  Otherwise, re-raise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>.</p>

  909. <div class="versionadded">

  910. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  911. </div>

  912. </dd></dl>

  913. 

  914. <dl class="std opcode">

  915. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH">

  916. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  917. <dd><p>Resolves <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aexit__</span></code> from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>.

  918. Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aexit__</span></code> and result of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__()</span></code> to the stack:</p>

  919. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="fm">__aexit__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="fm">__aenter__</span><span class="p">())</span>

  920. </pre></div>

  921. </div>

  922. <div class="versionadded">

  923. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>

  924. </div>

  925. </dd></dl>

  926. 

  927. <p><strong>Miscellaneous opcodes</strong></p>

  928. <dl class="std opcode">

  929. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SET_ADD">

  930. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SET_ADD</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_ADD" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  931. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  932. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  933. <span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>

  934. </pre></div>

  935. </div>

  936. <p>Used to implement set comprehensions.</p>

  937. </dd></dl>

  938. 

  939. <dl class="std opcode">

  940. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">

  941. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LIST_APPEND</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  942. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  943. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">item</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  944. <span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span>

  945. </pre></div>

  946. </div>

  947. <p>Used to implement list comprehensions.</p>

  948. </dd></dl>

  949. 

  950. <dl class="std opcode">

  951. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MAP_ADD">

  952. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MAP_ADD</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  953. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  954. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  955. <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  956. <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__setitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>

  957. </pre></div>

  958. </div>

  959. <p>Used to implement dict comprehensions.</p>

  960. <div class="versionadded">

  961. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.1.</span></p>

  962. </div>

  963. <div class="versionchanged">

  964. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Map value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> and map key is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>. Before, those

  965. were reversed.</p>

  966. </div>

  967. </dd></dl>

  968. 

  969. <p>For all of the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-SET_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SET_ADD</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIST_APPEND</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAP_ADD</span></code></a>

  970. instructions, while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the

  971. container object remains on the stack so that it is available for further

  972. iterations of the loop.</p>

  973. <dl class="std opcode">

  974. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">

  975. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RETURN_VALUE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  976. <dd><p>Returns with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> to the caller of the function.</p>

  977. </dd></dl>

  978. 

  979. <dl class="std opcode">

  980. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RETURN_CONST">

  981. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RETURN_CONST</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">consti</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_CONST" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  982. <dd><p>Returns with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> to the caller of the function.</p>

  983. <div class="versionadded">

  984. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  985. </div>

  986. </dd></dl>

  987. 

  988. <dl class="std opcode">

  989. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">

  990. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">YIELD_VALUE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  991. <dd><p>Yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK.pop()</span></code> from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>.</p>

  992. <div class="versionchanged">

  993. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>oparg set to be the stack depth.</p>

  994. </div>

  995. <div class="versionchanged">

  996. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>oparg set to be the exception block depth, for efficient closing of generators.</p>

  997. </div>

  998. </dd></dl>

  999. 

  1000. <dl class="std opcode">

  1001. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS">

  1002. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SETUP_ANNOTATIONS</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1003. <dd><p>Checks whether <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></code> is defined in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locals()</span></code>, if not it is

  1004. set up to an empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code>. This opcode is only emitted if a class

  1005. or module body contains <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-variable-annotation"><span class="xref std std-term">variable annotations</span></a>

  1006. statically.</p>

  1007. <div class="versionadded">

  1008. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>

  1009. </div>

  1010. </dd></dl>

  1011. 

  1012. <dl class="std opcode">

  1013. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_EXCEPT">

  1014. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">POP_EXCEPT</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_EXCEPT" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1015. <dd><p>Pops a value from the stack, which is used to restore the exception state.</p>

  1016. <div class="versionchanged">

  1017. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.</p>

  1018. </div>

  1019. </dd></dl>

  1020. 

  1021. <dl class="std opcode">

  1022. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RERAISE">

  1023. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RERAISE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RERAISE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1024. <dd><p>Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is non-zero,

  1025. pops an additional value from the stack which is used to set

  1026. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#frame.f_lasti" title="frame.f_lasti"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f_lasti</span></code></a> of the current frame.</p>

  1027. <div class="versionadded">

  1028. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1029. </div>

  1030. <div class="versionchanged">

  1031. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.</p>

  1032. </div>

  1033. </dd></dl>

  1034. 

  1035. <dl class="std opcode">

  1036. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PUSH_EXC_INFO">

  1037. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">PUSH_EXC_INFO</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PUSH_EXC_INFO" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1038. <dd><p>Pops a value from the stack. Pushes the current exception to the top of the stack.

  1039. Pushes the value originally popped back to the stack.

  1040. Used in exception handlers.</p>

  1041. <div class="versionadded">

  1042. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1043. </div>

  1044. </dd></dl>

  1045. 

  1046. <dl class="std opcode">

  1047. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CHECK_EXC_MATCH">

  1048. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CHECK_EXC_MATCH</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CHECK_EXC_MATCH" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1049. <dd><p>Performs exception matching for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span></code>. Tests whether the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>

  1050. is an exception matching <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>. Pops <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> and pushes the boolean

  1051. result of the test.</p>

  1052. <div class="versionadded">

  1053. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1054. </div>

  1055. </dd></dl>

  1056. 

  1057. <dl class="std opcode">

  1058. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CHECK_EG_MATCH">

  1059. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CHECK_EG_MATCH</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CHECK_EG_MATCH" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1060. <dd><p>Performs exception matching for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except*</span></code>. Applies <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split(STACK[-1])</span></code> on

  1061. the exception group representing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>.</p>

  1062. <p>In case of a match, pops two items from the stack and pushes the

  1063. non-matching subgroup (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> in case of full match) followed by the

  1064. matching subgroup. When there is no match, pops one item (the match

  1065. type) and pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>

  1066. <div class="versionadded">

  1067. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1068. </div>

  1069. </dd></dl>

  1070. 

  1071. <dl class="std opcode">

  1072. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-WITH_EXCEPT_START">

  1073. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">WITH_EXCEPT_START</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_EXCEPT_START" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1074. <dd><p>Calls the function in position 4 on the stack with arguments (type, val, tb)

  1075. representing the exception at the top of the stack.

  1076. Used to implement the call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info())</span></code> when an exception

  1077. has occurred in a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement.</p>

  1078. <div class="versionadded">

  1079. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1080. </div>

  1081. <div class="versionchanged">

  1082. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></code> function is in position 4 of the stack rather than 7.

  1083. Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.</p>

  1084. </div>

  1085. </dd></dl>

  1086. 

  1087. <dl class="std opcode">

  1088. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR">

  1089. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1090. <dd><p>Pushes <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#AssertionError" title="AssertionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AssertionError</span></code></a> onto the stack.  Used by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#assert"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assert</span></code></a>

  1091. statement.</p>

  1092. <div class="versionadded">

  1093. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1094. </div>

  1095. </dd></dl>

  1096. 

  1097. <dl class="std opcode">

  1098. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS">

  1099. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_BUILD_CLASS</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1100. <dd><p>Pushes <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">builtins.__build_class__()</span></code> onto the stack.  It is later called

  1101. to construct a class.</p>

  1102. </dd></dl>

  1103. 

  1104. <dl class="std opcode">

  1105. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BEFORE_WITH">

  1106. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BEFORE_WITH</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BEFORE_WITH" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1107. <dd><p>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts.  First,

  1108. it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto

  1109. the stack for later use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-WITH_EXCEPT_START"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH_EXCEPT_START</span></code></a>.  Then,

  1110. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></code></a> is called. Finally, the result of calling the

  1111. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></code> method is pushed onto the stack.</p>

  1112. <div class="versionadded">

  1113. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1114. </div>

  1115. </dd></dl>

  1116. 

  1117. <dl class="std opcode">

  1118. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_LEN">

  1119. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">GET_LEN</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_LEN" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1120. <dd><p>Perform <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK.append(len(STACK[-1]))</span></code>.</p>

  1121. <div class="versionadded">

  1122. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.10.</span></p>

  1123. </div>

  1124. </dd></dl>

  1125. 

  1126. <dl class="std opcode">

  1127. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_MAPPING">

  1128. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MATCH_MAPPING</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_MAPPING" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1129. <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Mapping" title="collections.abc.Mapping"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc.Mapping</span></code></a> (or, more

  1130. technically: if it has the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING" title="Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING</span></code></a> flag set in its

  1131. <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_flags</span></code></a>), push <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> onto the stack.  Otherwise,

  1132. push <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p>

  1133. <div class="versionadded">

  1134. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.10.</span></p>

  1135. </div>

  1136. </dd></dl>

  1137. 

  1138. <dl class="std opcode">

  1139. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_SEQUENCE">

  1140. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MATCH_SEQUENCE</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_SEQUENCE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1141. <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Sequence" title="collections.abc.Sequence"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc.Sequence</span></code></a> and is <em>not</em> an instance

  1142. of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> (or, more technically: if it has

  1143. the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE" title="Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE</span></code></a> flag set in its <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_flags" title="PyTypeObject.tp_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_flags</span></code></a>),

  1144. push <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> onto the stack.  Otherwise, push <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p>

  1145. <div class="versionadded">

  1146. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.10.</span></p>

  1147. </div>

  1148. </dd></dl>

  1149. 

  1150. <dl class="std opcode">

  1151. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_KEYS">

  1152. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MATCH_KEYS</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_KEYS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1153. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is a tuple of mapping keys, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> is the match subject.

  1154. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> contains all of the keys in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>, push a <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code></a>

  1155. containing the corresponding values. Otherwise, push <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>

  1156. <div class="versionadded">

  1157. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.10.</span></p>

  1158. </div>

  1159. <div class="versionchanged">

  1160. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Previously, this instruction also pushed a boolean value indicating

  1161. success (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) or failure (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>).</p>

  1162. </div>

  1163. </dd></dl>

  1164. 

  1165. <dl class="std opcode">

  1166. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_NAME">

  1167. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1168. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">STACK.pop()</span></code>. <em>namei</em> is the index of <em>name</em> in the attribute

  1169. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_names" title="codeobject.co_names"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code></a> of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#code-objects"><span class="std std-ref">code object</span></a>.

  1170. The compiler tries to use <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></code></a> if possible.</p>

  1171. </dd></dl>

  1172. 

  1173. <dl class="std opcode">

  1174. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">

  1175. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1176. <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">name</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index into <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_names" title="codeobject.co_names"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code></a>

  1177. attribute of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#code-objects"><span class="std std-ref">code object</span></a>.</p>

  1178. </dd></dl>

  1179. 

  1180. <dl class="std opcode">

  1181. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">

  1182. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1183. <dd><p>Unpacks <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> into <em>count</em> individual values, which are put onto the stack

  1184. right-to-left. Require there to be exactly <em>count</em> values.:</p>

  1185. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">assert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">)</span>

  1186. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()[:</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>

  1187. </pre></div>

  1188. </div>

  1189. </dd></dl>

  1190. 

  1191. <dl class="std opcode">

  1192. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNPACK_EX">

  1193. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">UNPACK_EX</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">counts</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_EX" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1194. <dd><p>Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>

  1195. into individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the

  1196. number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all

  1197. leftover items.</p>

  1198. <p>The number of values before and after the list value is limited to 255.</p>

  1199. <p>The number of values before the list value is encoded in the argument of the

  1200. opcode. The number of values after the list if any is encoded using an

  1201. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EXTENDED_ARG</span></code>. As a consequence, the argument can be seen as a two bytes values

  1202. where the low byte of <em>counts</em> is the number of values before the list value, the

  1203. high byte of <em>counts</em> the number of values after it.</p>

  1204. <p>The extracted values are put onto the stack right-to-left, i.e. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a,</span> <span class="pre">*b,</span> <span class="pre">c</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">d</span></code>

  1205. will be stored after execution as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK.extend((a,</span> <span class="pre">b,</span> <span class="pre">c))</span></code>.</p>

  1206. </dd></dl>

  1207. 

  1208. <dl class="std opcode">

  1209. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">

  1210. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STORE_ATTR</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1211. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  1212. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1213. <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1214. <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>

  1215. </pre></div>

  1216. </div>

  1217. <p>where <em>namei</em> is the index of name in <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_names" title="codeobject.co_names"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code></a> of the

  1218. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#code-objects"><span class="std std-ref">code object</span></a>.</p>

  1219. </dd></dl>

  1220. 

  1221. <dl class="std opcode">

  1222. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">

  1223. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DELETE_ATTR</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1224. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  1225. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1226. <span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>

  1227. </pre></div>

  1228. </div>

  1229. <p>where <em>namei</em> is the index of name into <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_names" title="codeobject.co_names"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code></a> of the

  1230. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#code-objects"><span class="std std-ref">code object</span></a>.</p>

  1231. </dd></dl>

  1232. 

  1233. <dl class="std opcode">

  1234. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">

  1235. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1236. <dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code></a>, but stores the name as a global.</p>

  1237. </dd></dl>

  1238. 

  1239. <dl class="std opcode">

  1240. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">

  1241. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DELETE_GLOBAL</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1242. <dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></code></a>, but deletes a global name.</p>

  1243. </dd></dl>

  1244. 

  1245. <dl class="std opcode">

  1246. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">

  1247. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_CONST</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">consti</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1248. <dd><p>Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>

  1249. </dd></dl>

  1250. 

  1251. <dl class="std opcode">

  1252. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">

  1253. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_NAME</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1254. <dd><p>Pushes the value associated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.

  1255. The name is looked up within the locals, then the globals, then the builtins.</p>

  1256. </dd></dl>

  1257. 

  1258. <dl class="std opcode">

  1259. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_LOCALS">

  1260. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_LOCALS</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_LOCALS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1261. <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the locals dictionary onto the stack.  This is used

  1262. to prepare namespace dictionaries for <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF</span></code></a>

  1263. and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS</span></code></a>.</p>

  1264. <div class="versionadded">

  1265. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  1266. </div>

  1267. </dd></dl>

  1268. 

  1269. <dl class="std opcode">

  1270. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS">

  1271. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1272. <dd><p>Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the value for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code>.

  1273. If the name is not found there, looks it up in the globals and then the builtins,

  1274. similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_GLOBAL</span></code></a>.

  1275. This is used for loading global variables in

  1276. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/executionmodel.html#annotation-scopes"><span class="std std-ref">annotation scopes</span></a> within class bodies.</p>

  1277. <div class="versionadded">

  1278. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  1279. </div>

  1280. </dd></dl>

  1281. 

  1282. <dl class="std opcode">

  1283. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">

  1284. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1285. <dd><p>Creates a tuple consuming <em>count</em> items from the stack, and pushes the

  1286. resulting tuple onto the stack.:</p>

  1287. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span>

  1288. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">:]</span>

  1289. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">))</span>

  1290. </pre></div>

  1291. </div>

  1292. </dd></dl>

  1293. 

  1294. <dl class="std opcode">

  1295. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">

  1296. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BUILD_LIST</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1297. <dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code></a>, but creates a list.</p>

  1298. </dd></dl>

  1299. 

  1300. <dl class="std opcode">

  1301. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_SET">

  1302. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BUILD_SET</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1303. <dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code></a>, but creates a set.</p>

  1304. </dd></dl>

  1305. 

  1306. <dl class="std opcode">

  1307. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">

  1308. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BUILD_MAP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1309. <dd><p>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack.  Pops <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">count</span></code> items

  1310. so that the dictionary holds <em>count</em> entries:

  1311. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{...,</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-4]:</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-3],</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-2]:</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-1]}</span></code>.</p>

  1312. <div class="versionchanged">

  1313. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The dictionary is created from stack items instead of creating an

  1314. empty dictionary pre-sized to hold <em>count</em> items.</p>

  1315. </div>

  1316. </dd></dl>

  1317. 

  1318. <dl class="std opcode">

  1319. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP">

  1320. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1321. <dd><p>The version of <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_MAP</span></code></a> specialized for constant keys. Pops the

  1322. top element on the stack which contains a tuple of keys, then starting from

  1323. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>, pops <em>count</em> values to form values in the built dictionary.</p>

  1324. <div class="versionadded">

  1325. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>

  1326. </div>

  1327. </dd></dl>

  1328. 

  1329. <dl class="std opcode">

  1330. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_STRING">

  1331. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BUILD_STRING</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_STRING" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1332. <dd><p>Concatenates <em>count</em> strings from the stack and pushes the resulting string

  1333. onto the stack.</p>

  1334. <div class="versionadded">

  1335. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>

  1336. </div>

  1337. </dd></dl>

  1338. 

  1339. <dl class="std opcode">

  1340. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LIST_EXTEND">

  1341. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LIST_EXTEND</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_EXTEND" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1342. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  1343. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">seq</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1344. <span class="nb">list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">)</span>

  1345. </pre></div>

  1346. </div>

  1347. <p>Used to build lists.</p>

  1348. <div class="versionadded">

  1349. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1350. </div>

  1351. </dd></dl>

  1352. 

  1353. <dl class="std opcode">

  1354. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SET_UPDATE">

  1355. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SET_UPDATE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_UPDATE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1356. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  1357. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">seq</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1358. <span class="nb">set</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">seq</span><span class="p">)</span>

  1359. </pre></div>

  1360. </div>

  1361. <p>Used to build sets.</p>

  1362. <div class="versionadded">

  1363. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1364. </div>

  1365. </dd></dl>

  1366. 

  1367. <dl class="std opcode">

  1368. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DICT_UPDATE">

  1369. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DICT_UPDATE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DICT_UPDATE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1370. <dd><p>Implements:</p>

  1371. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">map</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1372. <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">STACK</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">)</span>

  1373. </pre></div>

  1374. </div>

  1375. <p>Used to build dicts.</p>

  1376. <div class="versionadded">

  1377. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1378. </div>

  1379. </dd></dl>

  1380. 

  1381. <dl class="std opcode">

  1382. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DICT_MERGE">

  1383. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DICT_MERGE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DICT_MERGE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1384. <dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-DICT_UPDATE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DICT_UPDATE</span></code></a> but raises an exception for duplicate keys.</p>

  1385. <div class="versionadded">

  1386. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1387. </div>

  1388. </dd></dl>

  1389. 

  1390. <dl class="std opcode">

  1391. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR">

  1392. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_ATTR</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1393. <dd><p>If the low bit of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namei</span></code> is not set, this replaces <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> with

  1394. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getattr(STACK[-1],</span> <span class="pre">co_names[namei&gt;&gt;1])</span></code>.</p>

  1395. <p>If the low bit of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namei</span></code> is set, this will attempt to load a method named

  1396. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei&gt;&gt;1]</span></code> from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> object. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is popped.

  1397. This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> has a method with the

  1398. correct name, the bytecode pushes the unbound method and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>.

  1399. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> will be used as the first argument (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code>) by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL</span></code></a>

  1400. when calling the unbound method. Otherwise, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> and the object returned by

  1401. the attribute lookup are pushed.</p>

  1402. <div class="versionchanged">

  1403. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>If the low bit of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namei</span></code> is set, then a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code> is

  1404. pushed to the stack before the attribute or unbound method respectively.</p>

  1405. </div>

  1406. </dd></dl>

  1407. 

  1408. <dl class="std opcode">

  1409. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_SUPER_ATTR">

  1410. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_SUPER_ATTR</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_SUPER_ATTR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1411. <dd><p>This opcode implements <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#super" title="super"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super()</span></code></a>, both in its zero-argument and

  1412. two-argument forms (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super().method()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super().attr</span></code> and

  1413. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super(cls,</span> <span class="pre">self).method()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super(cls,</span> <span class="pre">self).attr</span></code>).</p>

  1414. <p>It pops three values from the stack (from top of stack down):

  1415. - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code>: the first argument to the current method

  1416. -  <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cls</span></code>: the class within which the current method was defined

  1417. -  the global <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super</span></code></p>

  1418. <p>With respect to its argument, it works similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_ATTR</span></code></a>,

  1419. except that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namei</span></code> is shifted left by 2 bits instead of 1.</p>

  1420. <p>The low bit of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namei</span></code> signals to attempt a method load, as with

  1421. <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_ATTR</span></code></a>, which results in pushing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> and the loaded method.

  1422. When it is unset a single value is pushed to the stack.</p>

  1423. <p>The second-low bit of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namei</span></code>, if set, means that this was a two-argument

  1424. call to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#super" title="super"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">super()</span></code></a> (unset means zero-argument).</p>

  1425. <div class="versionadded">

  1426. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  1427. </div>

  1428. </dd></dl>

  1429. 

  1430. <dl class="std opcode">

  1431. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-COMPARE_OP">

  1432. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">COMPARE_OP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">opname</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1433. <dd><p>Performs a Boolean operation.  The operation name can be found in

  1434. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmp_op[opname]</span></code>.</p>

  1435. </dd></dl>

  1436. 

  1437. <dl class="std opcode">

  1438. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IS_OP">

  1439. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">IS_OP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">invert</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IS_OP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1440. <dd><p>Performs <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is</span></code> comparison, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">invert</span></code> is 1.</p>

  1441. <div class="versionadded">

  1442. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1443. </div>

  1444. </dd></dl>

  1445. 

  1446. <dl class="std opcode">

  1447. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CONTAINS_OP">

  1448. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CONTAINS_OP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">invert</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTAINS_OP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1449. <dd><p>Performs <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">in</span></code> comparison, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">in</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">invert</span></code> is 1.</p>

  1450. <div class="versionadded">

  1451. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  1452. </div>

  1453. </dd></dl>

  1454. 

  1455. <dl class="std opcode">

  1456. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME">

  1457. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">IMPORT_NAME</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1458. <dd><p>Imports the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code>.  <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> are

  1459. popped and provide the <em>fromlist</em> and <em>level</em> arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>.

  1460. The module object is pushed onto the stack.  The current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a subsequent <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a> instruction

  1461. modifies the namespace.</p>

  1462. </dd></dl>

  1463. 

  1464. <dl class="std opcode">

  1465. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM">

  1466. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">IMPORT_FROM</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1467. <dd><p>Loads the attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> from the module found in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>.

  1468. The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a

  1469. <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a> instruction.</p>

  1470. </dd></dl>

  1471. 

  1472. <dl class="std opcode">

  1473. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD">

  1474. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">JUMP_FORWARD</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1475. <dd><p>Increments bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.</p>

  1476. </dd></dl>

  1477. 

  1478. <dl class="std opcode">

  1479. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_BACKWARD">

  1480. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">JUMP_BACKWARD</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_BACKWARD" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1481. <dd><p>Decrements bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>. Checks for interrupts.</p>

  1482. <div class="versionadded">

  1483. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1484. </div>

  1485. </dd></dl>

  1486. 

  1487. <dl class="std opcode">

  1488. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT">

  1489. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1490. <dd><p>Decrements bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>. Does not check for interrupts.</p>

  1491. <div class="versionadded">

  1492. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1493. </div>

  1494. </dd></dl>

  1495. 

  1496. <dl class="std opcode">

  1497. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE">

  1498. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1499. <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is true, increments the bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.

  1500. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is popped.</p>

  1501. <div class="versionchanged">

  1502. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an absolute target.

  1503. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by

  1504. the directed versions (forward/backward).</p>

  1505. </div>

  1506. <div class="versionchanged">

  1507. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.</p>

  1508. </div>

  1509. </dd></dl>

  1510. 

  1511. <dl class="std opcode">

  1512. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE">

  1513. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1514. <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is false, increments the bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.

  1515. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is popped.</p>

  1516. <div class="versionchanged">

  1517. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an absolute target.

  1518. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by

  1519. the directed versions (forward/backward).</p>

  1520. </div>

  1521. <div class="versionchanged">

  1522. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.</p>

  1523. </div>

  1524. </dd></dl>

  1525. 

  1526. <dl class="std opcode">

  1527. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE">

  1528. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1529. <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, increments the bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.

  1530. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is popped.</p>

  1531. <p>This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by

  1532. the directed versions (forward/backward).</p>

  1533. <div class="versionadded">

  1534. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1535. </div>

  1536. <div class="versionchanged">

  1537. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.</p>

  1538. </div>

  1539. </dd></dl>

  1540. 

  1541. <dl class="std opcode">

  1542. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_NONE">

  1543. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">POP_JUMP_IF_NONE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_NONE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1544. <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, increments the bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.

  1545. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is popped.</p>

  1546. <p>This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by

  1547. the directed versions (forward/backward).</p>

  1548. <div class="versionadded">

  1549. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1550. </div>

  1551. <div class="versionchanged">

  1552. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.</p>

  1553. </div>

  1554. </dd></dl>

  1555. 

  1556. <dl class="std opcode">

  1557. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-FOR_ITER">

  1558. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">FOR_ITER</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1559. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">iterator</span></a>.  Call its <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__next__()</span></code></a> method.

  1560. If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below

  1561. it).  If the iterator indicates it is exhausted then the byte code counter is

  1562. incremented by <em>delta</em>.</p>

  1563. <div class="versionchanged">

  1564. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>Up until 3.11 the iterator was popped when it was exhausted.</p>

  1565. </div>

  1566. </dd></dl>

  1567. 

  1568. <dl class="std opcode">

  1569. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL">

  1570. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_GLOBAL</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">namei</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1571. <dd><p>Loads the global named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei&gt;&gt;1]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>

  1572. <div class="versionchanged">

  1573. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>If the low bit of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namei</span></code> is set, then a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> is pushed to the

  1574. stack before the global variable.</p>

  1575. </div>

  1576. </dd></dl>

  1577. 

  1578. <dl class="std opcode">

  1579. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_FAST">

  1580. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_FAST</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">var_num</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1581. <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>

  1582. <div class="versionchanged">

  1583. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>This opcode is now only used in situations where the local variable is

  1584. guaranteed to be initialized. It cannot raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#UnboundLocalError" title="UnboundLocalError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UnboundLocalError</span></code></a>.</p>

  1585. </div>

  1586. </dd></dl>

  1587. 

  1588. <dl class="std opcode">

  1589. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_FAST_CHECK">

  1590. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_FAST_CHECK</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">var_num</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST_CHECK" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1591. <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code> onto the stack,

  1592. raising an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#UnboundLocalError" title="UnboundLocalError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UnboundLocalError</span></code></a> if the local variable has not been

  1593. initialized.</p>

  1594. <div class="versionadded">

  1595. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  1596. </div>

  1597. </dd></dl>

  1598. 

  1599. <dl class="std opcode">

  1600. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR">

  1601. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">var_num</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1602. <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code> onto the stack (or

  1603. pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> onto the stack if the local variable has not been

  1604. initialized) and sets <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>

  1605. <div class="versionadded">

  1606. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  1607. </div>

  1608. </dd></dl>

  1609. 

  1610. <dl class="std opcode">

  1611. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_FAST">

  1612. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">var_num</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1613. <dd><p>Stores <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK.pop()</span></code> into the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p>

  1614. </dd></dl>

  1615. 

  1616. <dl class="std opcode">

  1617. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_FAST">

  1618. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DELETE_FAST</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">var_num</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1619. <dd><p>Deletes local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p>

  1620. </dd></dl>

  1621. 

  1622. <dl class="std opcode">

  1623. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MAKE_CELL">

  1624. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MAKE_CELL</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_CELL" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1625. <dd><p>Creates a new cell in slot <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code>.  If that slot is nonempty then

  1626. that value is stored into the new cell.</p>

  1627. <div class="versionadded">

  1628. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1629. </div>

  1630. </dd></dl>

  1631. 

  1632. <dl class="std opcode">

  1633. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE">

  1634. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_CLOSURE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1635. <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> of the “fast locals”

  1636. storage.  The name of the variable is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_fastlocalnames[i]</span></code>.</p>

  1637. <p>Note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_CLOSURE</span></code> is effectively an alias for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_FAST</span></code>.

  1638. It exists to keep bytecode a little more readable.</p>

  1639. <div class="versionchanged">

  1640. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> is no longer offset by the length of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames</span></code>.</p>

  1641. </div>

  1642. </dd></dl>

  1643. 

  1644. <dl class="std opcode">

  1645. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF">

  1646. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_DEREF</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1647. <dd><p>Loads the cell contained in slot <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> of the “fast locals” storage.

  1648. Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.</p>

  1649. <div class="versionchanged">

  1650. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> is no longer offset by the length of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_varnames" title="codeobject.co_varnames"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames</span></code></a>.</p>

  1651. </div>

  1652. </dd></dl>

  1653. 

  1654. <dl class="std opcode">

  1655. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF">

  1656. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1657. <dd><p>Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the name associated with

  1658. slot <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> of the “fast locals” storage in this mapping.

  1659. If the name is not found there, loads it from the cell contained in

  1660. slot <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code>, similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_DEREF</span></code></a>. This is used for loading

  1661. free variables in class bodies (which previously used

  1662. <code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_CLASSDEREF</span></code>) and in

  1663. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/executionmodel.html#annotation-scopes"><span class="std std-ref">annotation scopes</span></a> within class bodies.</p>

  1664. <div class="versionadded">

  1665. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  1666. </div>

  1667. </dd></dl>

  1668. 

  1669. <dl class="std opcode">

  1670. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_DEREF">

  1671. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">STORE_DEREF</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1672. <dd><p>Stores <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK.pop()</span></code> into the cell contained in slot <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> of the “fast locals”

  1673. storage.</p>

  1674. <div class="versionchanged">

  1675. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> is no longer offset by the length of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_varnames" title="codeobject.co_varnames"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames</span></code></a>.</p>

  1676. </div>

  1677. </dd></dl>

  1678. 

  1679. <dl class="std opcode">

  1680. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_DEREF">

  1681. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">DELETE_DEREF</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">i</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_DEREF" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1682. <dd><p>Empties the cell contained in slot <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> of the “fast locals” storage.

  1683. Used by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#del"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code></a> statement.</p>

  1684. <div class="versionadded">

  1685. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>

  1686. </div>

  1687. <div class="versionchanged">

  1688. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> is no longer offset by the length of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#codeobject.co_varnames" title="codeobject.co_varnames"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames</span></code></a>.</p>

  1689. </div>

  1690. </dd></dl>

  1691. 

  1692. <dl class="std opcode">

  1693. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-COPY_FREE_VARS">

  1694. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">COPY_FREE_VARS</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">n</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COPY_FREE_VARS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1695. <dd><p>Copies the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">n</span></code> free variables from the closure into the frame.

  1696. Removes the need for special code on the caller’s side when calling

  1697. closures.</p>

  1698. <div class="versionadded">

  1699. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1700. </div>

  1701. </dd></dl>

  1702. 

  1703. <dl class="std opcode">

  1704. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS">

  1705. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RAISE_VARARGS</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">argc</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1706. <dd><p>Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> statement,

  1707. depending on the value of <em>argc</em>:</p>

  1708. <ul class="simple">

  1709. <li><p>0: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> (re-raise previous exception)</p></li>

  1710. <li><p>1: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> (raise exception instance or type at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>)</p></li>

  1711. <li><p>2: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span> <span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> (raise exception instance or type at

  1712. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cause__</span></code> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>)</p></li>

  1713. </ul>

  1714. </dd></dl>

  1715. 

  1716. <dl class="std opcode">

  1717. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL">

  1718. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CALL</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">argc</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1719. <dd><p>Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argc</span></code>,

  1720. including the named arguments specified by the preceding

  1721. <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-KW_NAMES"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KW_NAMES</span></code></a>, if any.

  1722. On the stack are (in ascending order), either:</p>

  1723. <ul class="simple">

  1724. <li><p>NULL</p></li>

  1725. <li><p>The callable</p></li>

  1726. <li><p>The positional arguments</p></li>

  1727. <li><p>The named arguments</p></li>

  1728. </ul>

  1729. <p>or:</p>

  1730. <ul class="simple">

  1731. <li><p>The callable</p></li>

  1732. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code></p></li>

  1733. <li><p>The remaining positional arguments</p></li>

  1734. <li><p>The named arguments</p></li>

  1735. </ul>

  1736. <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argc</span></code> is the total of the positional and named arguments, excluding

  1737. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code> when a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> is not present.</p>

  1738. <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL</span></code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,

  1739. calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value

  1740. returned by the callable object.</p>

  1741. <div class="versionadded">

  1742. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1743. </div>

  1744. </dd></dl>

  1745. 

  1746. <dl class="std opcode">

  1747. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_EX">

  1748. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_EX</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">flags</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_EX" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1749. <dd><p>Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword

  1750. arguments.  If the lowest bit of <em>flags</em> is set, the top of the stack

  1751. contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments.

  1752. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object

  1753. are each “unpacked” and their contents passed in as keyword and

  1754. positional arguments respectively.

  1755. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_EX</span></code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,

  1756. calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value

  1757. returned by the callable object.</p>

  1758. <div class="versionadded">

  1759. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>

  1760. </div>

  1761. </dd></dl>

  1762. 

  1763. <dl class="std opcode">

  1764. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PUSH_NULL">

  1765. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">PUSH_NULL</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PUSH_NULL" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1766. <dd><p>Pushes a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> to the stack.

  1767. Used in the call sequence to match the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> pushed by

  1768. <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_METHOD</span></code></a> for non-method calls.</p>

  1769. <div class="versionadded">

  1770. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1771. </div>

  1772. </dd></dl>

  1773. 

  1774. <dl class="std opcode">

  1775. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-KW_NAMES">

  1776. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">KW_NAMES</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">consti</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-KW_NAMES" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1777. <dd><p>Prefixes <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL</span></code></a>.

  1778. Stores a reference to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> into an internal variable

  1779. for use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL</span></code></a>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> must be a tuple of strings.</p>

  1780. <div class="versionadded">

  1781. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1782. </div>

  1783. </dd></dl>

  1784. 

  1785. <dl class="std opcode">

  1786. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION">

  1787. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MAKE_FUNCTION</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">flags</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1788. <dd><p>Pushes a new function object on the stack.  From bottom to top, the consumed

  1789. stack must consist of values if the argument carries a specified flag value</p>

  1790. <ul class="simple">

  1791. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x01</span></code> a tuple of default values for positional-only and

  1792. positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order</p></li>

  1793. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x02</span></code> a dictionary of keyword-only parameters’ default values</p></li>

  1794. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x04</span></code> a tuple of strings containing parameters’ annotations</p></li>

  1795. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x08</span></code> a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a closure</p></li>

  1796. <li><p>the code associated with the function (at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>)</p></li>

  1797. </ul>

  1798. <div class="versionchanged">

  1799. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>Flag value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x04</span></code> is a tuple of strings instead of dictionary</p>

  1800. </div>

  1801. <div class="versionchanged">

  1802. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Qualified name at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> was removed.</p>

  1803. </div>

  1804. </dd></dl>

  1805. 

  1806. <dl class="std opcode">

  1807. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE">

  1808. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">BUILD_SLICE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">argc</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1809. <dd><p id="index-1">Pushes a slice object on the stack.  <em>argc</em> must be 2 or 3.  If it is 2, implements:</p>

  1810. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1811. <span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1812. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">))</span>

  1813. </pre></div>

  1814. </div>

  1815. <p>if it is 3, implements:</p>

  1816. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">step</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1817. <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1818. <span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  1819. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">slice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">step</span><span class="p">))</span>

  1820. </pre></div>

  1821. </div>

  1822. <p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slice()</span></code></a> built-in function for more information.</p>

  1823. </dd></dl>

  1824. 

  1825. <dl class="std opcode">

  1826. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG">

  1827. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">EXTENDED_ARG</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">ext</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1828. <dd><p>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default one

  1829. byte. <em>ext</em> holds an additional byte which act as higher bits in the argument.

  1830. For each opcode, at most three prefixal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EXTENDED_ARG</span></code> are allowed, forming

  1831. an argument from two-byte to four-byte.</p>

  1832. </dd></dl>

  1833. 

  1834. <dl class="std opcode">

  1835. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-FORMAT_VALUE">

  1836. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">FORMAT_VALUE</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">flags</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FORMAT_VALUE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1837. <dd><p>Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings).  Pops

  1838. an optional <em>fmt_spec</em> from the stack, then a required <em>value</em>.

  1839. <em>flags</em> is interpreted as follows:</p>

  1840. <ul class="simple">

  1841. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x00</span></code>: <em>value</em> is formatted as-is.</p></li>

  1842. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x01</span></code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> on <em>value</em> before

  1843. formatting it.</p></li>

  1844. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x02</span></code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> on <em>value</em> before

  1845. formatting it.</p></li>

  1846. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x03</span></code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#ascii" title="ascii"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii()</span></code></a> on <em>value</em> before

  1847. formatting it.</p></li>

  1848. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">0x04)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x04</span></code>: pop <em>fmt_spec</em> from the stack and use

  1849. it, else use an empty <em>fmt_spec</em>.</p></li>

  1850. </ul>

  1851. <p>Formatting is performed using <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_Format" title="PyObject_Format"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Format()</span></code></a>.  The

  1852. result is pushed on the stack.</p>

  1853. <div class="versionadded">

  1854. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>

  1855. </div>

  1856. </dd></dl>

  1857. 

  1858. <dl class="std opcode">

  1859. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MATCH_CLASS">

  1860. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">MATCH_CLASS</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">count</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MATCH_CLASS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1861. <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> is a tuple of keyword attribute names, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> is the class

  1862. being matched against, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-3]</span></code> is the match subject.  <em>count</em> is the

  1863. number of positional sub-patterns.</p>

  1864. <p>Pop <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-3]</span></code>. If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-3]</span></code> is an

  1865. instance of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-2]</span></code> and has the positional and keyword attributes

  1866. required by <em>count</em> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code>, push a tuple of extracted attributes.

  1867. Otherwise, push <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>

  1868. <div class="versionadded">

  1869. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.10.</span></p>

  1870. </div>

  1871. <div class="versionchanged">

  1872. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Previously, this instruction also pushed a boolean value indicating

  1873. success (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) or failure (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>).</p>

  1874. </div>

  1875. </dd></dl>

  1876. 

  1877. <dl class="std opcode">

  1878. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RESUME">

  1879. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RESUME</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">where</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RESUME" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1880. <dd><p>A no-op. Performs internal tracing, debugging and optimization checks.</p>

  1881. <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">where</span></code> operand marks where the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RESUME</span></code> occurs:</p>

  1882. <ul class="simple">

  1883. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> The start of a function, which is neither a generator, coroutine

  1884. nor an async generator</p></li>

  1885. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> After a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> expression</p></li>

  1886. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code> After a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span> <span class="pre">from</span></code> expression</p></li>

  1887. <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code> After an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code> expression</p></li>

  1888. </ul>

  1889. <div class="versionadded">

  1890. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1891. </div>

  1892. </dd></dl>

  1893. 

  1894. <dl class="std opcode">

  1895. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RETURN_GENERATOR">

  1896. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RETURN_GENERATOR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_GENERATOR" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1897. <dd><p>Create a generator, coroutine, or async generator from the current frame.

  1898. Used as first opcode of in code object for the above mentioned callables.

  1899. Clear the current frame and return the newly created generator.</p>

  1900. <div class="versionadded">

  1901. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1902. </div>

  1903. </dd></dl>

  1904. 

  1905. <dl class="std opcode">

  1906. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SEND">

  1907. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SEND</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">delta</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SEND" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1908. <dd><p>Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">STACK[-2].send(STACK[-1])</span></code>. Used in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span> <span class="pre">from</span></code>

  1909. and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code> statements.</p>

  1910. <p>If the call raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#StopIteration" title="StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a>, pop the top value from the stack,

  1911. push the exception’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code> attribute, and increment the bytecode counter

  1912. by <em>delta</em>.</p>

  1913. <div class="versionadded">

  1914. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.11.</span></p>

  1915. </div>

  1916. </dd></dl>

  1917. 

  1918. <dl class="std opcode">

  1919. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT">

  1920. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1921. <dd><p>This is not really an opcode.  It identifies the dividing line between

  1922. opcodes in the range [0,255] which don’t use their argument and those

  1923. that do (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code>, respectively).</p>

  1924. <p>If your application uses pseudo instructions, use the <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.hasarg" title="dis.hasarg"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hasarg</span></code></a>

  1925. collection instead.</p>

  1926. <div class="versionchanged">

  1927. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code>

  1928. ignore it. Before, only opcodes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code> had an argument.</p>

  1929. </div>

  1930. <div class="versionchanged">

  1931. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>Pseudo instructions were added to the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module, and for them

  1932. it is not true that comparison with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code> indicates whether

  1933. they use their arg.</p>

  1934. </div>

  1935. </dd></dl>

  1936. 

  1937. <dl class="std opcode">

  1938. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_INTRINSIC_1">

  1939. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CALL_INTRINSIC_1</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_INTRINSIC_1" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  1940. <dd><p>Calls an intrinsic function with one argument. Passes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> as the

  1941. argument and sets <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STACK[-1]</span></code> to the result. Used to implement

  1942. functionality that is not performance critical.</p>

  1943. <p>The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:</p>

  1944. <table class="docutils align-default">

  1945. <thead>

  1946. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Operand</p></th>

  1947. <th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>

  1948. </tr>

  1949. </thead>

  1950. <tbody>

  1951. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_1_INVALID</span></code></p></td>

  1952. <td><p>Not valid</p></td>

  1953. </tr>

  1954. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_PRINT</span></code></p></td>

  1955. <td><p>Prints the argument to standard

  1956. out. Used in the REPL.</p></td>

  1957. </tr>

  1958. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_IMPORT_STAR</span></code></p></td>

  1959. <td><p>Performs <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code> for the

  1960. named module.</p></td>

  1961. </tr>

  1962. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR</span></code></p></td>

  1963. <td><p>Extracts the return value from a

  1964. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code> exception.</p></td>

  1965. </tr>

  1966. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_ASYNC_GEN_WRAP</span></code></p></td>

  1967. <td><p>Wraps an aync generator value</p></td>

  1968. </tr>

  1969. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_UNARY_POSITIVE</span></code></p></td>

  1970. <td><p>Performs the unary <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code>

  1971. operation</p></td>

  1972. </tr>

  1973. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE</span></code></p></td>

  1974. <td><p>Converts a list to a tuple</p></td>

  1975. </tr>

  1976. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR</span></code></p></td>

  1977. <td><p>Creates a <a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#typing.TypeVar" title="typing.TypeVar"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.TypeVar</span></code></a></p></td>

  1978. </tr>

  1979. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_PARAMSPEC</span></code></p></td>

  1980. <td><p>Creates a

  1981. <a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#typing.ParamSpec" title="typing.ParamSpec"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.ParamSpec</span></code></a></p></td>

  1982. </tr>

  1983. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_TYPEVARTUPLE</span></code></p></td>

  1984. <td><p>Creates a

  1985. <a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#typing.TypeVarTuple" title="typing.TypeVarTuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.TypeVarTuple</span></code></a></p></td>

  1986. </tr>

  1987. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_SUBSCRIPT_GENERIC</span></code></p></td>

  1988. <td><p>Returns <a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#typing.Generic" title="typing.Generic"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.Generic</span></code></a>

  1989. subscripted with the argument</p></td>

  1990. </tr>

  1991. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_TYPEALIAS</span></code></p></td>

  1992. <td><p>Creates a

  1993. <a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#typing.TypeAliasType" title="typing.TypeAliasType"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.TypeAliasType</span></code></a>;

  1994. used in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#type"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code></a>

  1995. statement. The argument is a tuple

  1996. of the type alias’s name,

  1997. type parameters, and value.</p></td>

  1998. </tr>

  1999. </tbody>

  2000. </table>

  2001. <div class="versionadded">

  2002. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  2003. </div>

  2004. </dd></dl>

  2005. 

  2006. <dl class="std opcode">

  2007. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_INTRINSIC_2">

  2008. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CALL_INTRINSIC_2</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_INTRINSIC_2" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2009. <dd><p>Calls an intrinsic function with two arguments. Used to implement functionality

  2010. that is not performance critical:</p>

  2011. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">arg2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  2012. <span class="n">arg1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>

  2013. <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">intrinsic2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span>

  2014. <span class="n">STACK</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>

  2015. </pre></div>

  2016. </div>

  2017. <p>The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:</p>

  2018. <table class="docutils align-default">

  2019. <thead>

  2020. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Operand</p></th>

  2021. <th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>

  2022. </tr>

  2023. </thead>

  2024. <tbody>

  2025. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_2_INVALID</span></code></p></td>

  2026. <td><p>Not valid</p></td>

  2027. </tr>

  2028. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_PREP_RERAISE_STAR</span></code></p></td>

  2029. <td><p>Calculates the

  2030. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ExceptionGroup" title="ExceptionGroup"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ExceptionGroup</span></code></a> to raise

  2031. from a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try-except*</span></code>.</p></td>

  2032. </tr>

  2033. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_BOUND</span></code></p></td>

  2034. <td><p>Creates a <a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#typing.TypeVar" title="typing.TypeVar"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.TypeVar</span></code></a>

  2035. with a bound.</p></td>

  2036. </tr>

  2037. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_CONSTRAINTS</span></code></p></td>

  2038. <td><p>Creates a

  2039. <a class="reference internal" href="typing.html#typing.TypeVar" title="typing.TypeVar"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing.TypeVar</span></code></a> with

  2040. constraints.</p></td>

  2041. </tr>

  2042. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INTRINSIC_SET_FUNCTION_TYPE_PARAMS</span></code></p></td>

  2043. <td><p>Sets the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__type_params__</span></code>

  2044. attribute of a function.</p></td>

  2045. </tr>

  2046. </tbody>

  2047. </table>

  2048. <div class="versionadded">

  2049. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  2050. </div>

  2051. </dd></dl>

  2052. 

  2053. <p><strong>Pseudo-instructions</strong></p>

  2054. <p>These opcodes do not appear in Python bytecode. They are used by the compiler

  2055. but are replaced by real opcodes or removed before bytecode is generated.</p>

  2056. <dl class="std opcode">

  2057. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY">

  2058. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SETUP_FINALLY</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">target</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2059. <dd><p>Set up an exception handler for the following code block. If an exception

  2060. occurs, the value stack level is restored to its current state and control

  2061. is transferred to the exception handler at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">target</span></code>.</p>

  2062. </dd></dl>

  2063. 

  2064. <dl class="std opcode">

  2065. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_CLEANUP">

  2066. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SETUP_CLEANUP</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">target</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_CLEANUP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2067. <dd><p>Like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SETUP_FINALLY</span></code>, but in case of an exception also pushes the last

  2068. instruction (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lasti</span></code>) to the stack so that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RERAISE</span></code> can restore it.

  2069. If an exception occurs, the value stack level and the last instruction on

  2070. the frame are restored to their current state, and control is transferred

  2071. to the exception handler at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">target</span></code>.</p>

  2072. </dd></dl>

  2073. 

  2074. <dl class="std opcode">

  2075. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">

  2076. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SETUP_WITH</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">target</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2077. <dd><p>Like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SETUP_CLEANUP</span></code>, but in case of an exception one more item is popped

  2078. from the stack before control is transferred to the exception handler at

  2079. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">target</span></code>.</p>

  2080. <p>This variant is used in <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">with</span></code></a>

  2081. constructs, which push the return value of the context manager’s

  2082. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__aenter__" title="object.__aenter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__()</span></code></a> to the stack.</p>

  2083. </dd></dl>

  2084. 

  2085. <dl class="std opcode">

  2086. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">

  2087. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">POP_BLOCK</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2088. <dd><p>Marks the end of the code block associated with the last <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SETUP_FINALLY</span></code>,

  2089. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SETUP_CLEANUP</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SETUP_WITH</span></code>.</p>

  2090. </dd></dl>

  2091. 

  2092. <dl class="std opcode">

  2093. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP">

  2094. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">JUMP</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2095. <dd></dd></dl>

  2096. 

  2097. <dl class="std opcode">

  2098. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT">

  2099. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2100. <dd><p>Undirected relative jump instructions which are replaced by their

  2101. directed (forward/backward) counterparts by the assembler.</p>

  2102. </dd></dl>

  2103. 

  2104. <dl class="std opcode">

  2105. <dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_METHOD">

  2106. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LOAD_METHOD</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2107. <dd><p>Optimized unbound method lookup. Emitted as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_ATTR</span></code> opcode

  2108. with a flag set in the arg.</p>

  2109. </dd></dl>

  2110. 

  2111. </section>

  2112. <section id="opcode-collections">

  2113. <span id="id1"></span><h2>Opcode collections<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-collections" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  2114. <p>These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode

  2115. instructions:</p>

  2116. <div class="versionchanged">

  2117. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>The collections now contain pseudo instructions and instrumented

  2118. instructions as well. These are opcodes with values <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE</span></code>

  2119. and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">MIN_INSTRUMENTED_OPCODE</span></code>.</p>

  2120. </div>

  2121. <dl class="py data">

  2122. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.opname">

  2123. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">opname</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2124. <dd><p>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.</p>

  2125. </dd></dl>

  2126. 

  2127. <dl class="py data">

  2128. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.opmap">

  2129. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">opmap</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2130. <dd><p>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.</p>

  2131. </dd></dl>

  2132. 

  2133. <dl class="py data">

  2134. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.cmp_op">

  2135. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">cmp_op</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2136. <dd><p>Sequence of all compare operation names.</p>

  2137. </dd></dl>

  2138. 

  2139. <dl class="py data">

  2140. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasarg">

  2141. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hasarg</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasarg" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2142. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that use their argument.</p>

  2143. <div class="versionadded">

  2144. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  2145. </div>

  2146. </dd></dl>

  2147. 

  2148. <dl class="py data">

  2149. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasconst">

  2150. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hasconst</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2151. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.</p>

  2152. </dd></dl>

  2153. 

  2154. <dl class="py data">

  2155. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasfree">

  2156. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hasfree</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2157. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable. ‘free’ in this

  2158. context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner

  2159. scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope.  It does

  2160. <em>not</em> include references to global or builtin scopes.</p>

  2161. </dd></dl>

  2162. 

  2163. <dl class="py data">

  2164. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasname">

  2165. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hasname</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2166. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.</p>

  2167. </dd></dl>

  2168. 

  2169. <dl class="py data">

  2170. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasjrel">

  2171. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hasjrel</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2172. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.</p>

  2173. </dd></dl>

  2174. 

  2175. <dl class="py data">

  2176. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasjabs">

  2177. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hasjabs</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2178. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.</p>

  2179. </dd></dl>

  2180. 

  2181. <dl class="py data">

  2182. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.haslocal">

  2183. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">haslocal</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2184. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.</p>

  2185. </dd></dl>

  2186. 

  2187. <dl class="py data">

  2188. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hascompare">

  2189. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hascompare</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2190. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.</p>

  2191. </dd></dl>

  2192. 

  2193. <dl class="py data">

  2194. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasexc">

  2195. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">dis.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hasexc</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasexc" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  2196. <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that set an exception handler.</p>

  2197. <div class="versionadded">

  2198. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.12.</span></p>

  2199. </div>

  2200. </dd></dl>

  2201. 

  2202. </section>

  2203. </section>

  2204. 

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  2214.     <ul>

  2215. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>

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