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  <section id="module-binascii">
<span id="binascii-convert-between-binary-and-ascii"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code></a> — Convert between binary and ASCII<a class="headerlink" href="#module-binascii" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code></a> module contains a number of methods to convert between
binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. Normally, you will not
use these functions directly but use wrapper modules like <a class="reference internal" href="uu.html#module-uu" title="uu: Encode and decode files in uuencode format. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uu</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code></a> instead. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code></a> module contains
low-level functions written in C for greater speed that are used by the
higher-level modules.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a2b_*</span></code> functions accept Unicode strings containing only ASCII characters.
Other functions only accept <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like objects</span></a> (such as
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> and other objects that support the buffer
protocol).</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>ASCII-only unicode strings are now accepted by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a2b_*</span></code> functions.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-binascii" title="binascii: Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code></a> module defines the following functions:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_uu">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_uu</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_uu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a single line of uuencoded data back to binary and return the binary
data. Lines normally contain 45 (binary) bytes, except for the last line. Line
data may be followed by whitespace.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_uu">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_uu</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">backtick</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_uu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters, the return value is the
converted line, including a newline char. The length of <em>data</em> should be at most
45. If <em>backtick</em> is true, zeros are represented by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'`'</span></code> instead of spaces.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Added the <em>backtick</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_base64">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">strict_mode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_base64" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a block of base64 data back to binary and return the binary data. More
than one line may be passed at a time.</p>
<p>If <em>strict_mode</em> is true, only valid base64 data will be converted. Invalid base64
data will raise <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii.Error</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Valid base64:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Conforms to <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3548.html"><strong>RFC 3548</strong></a>.</p></li>
<li><p>Contains only characters from the base64 alphabet.</p></li>
<li><p>Contains no excess data after padding (including excess padding, newlines, etc.).</p></li>
<li><p>Does not start with a padding.</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>strict_mode</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_base64">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_base64</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">newline</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_base64" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line of ASCII characters in base64 coding. The return
value is the converted line, including a newline char if <em>newline</em> is
true.  The output of this function conforms to <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3548.html"><strong>RFC 3548</strong></a>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added the <em>newline</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_qp">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_qp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">header</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_qp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a block of quoted-printable data back to binary and return the binary
data. More than one line may be passed at a time. If the optional argument
<em>header</em> is present and true, underscores will be decoded as spaces.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_qp">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_qp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">quotetabs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">istext</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">header</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_qp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert binary data to a line(s) of ASCII characters in quoted-printable
encoding.  The return value is the converted line(s). If the optional argument
<em>quotetabs</em> is present and true, all tabs and spaces will be encoded.   If the
optional argument <em>istext</em> is present and true, newlines are not encoded but
trailing whitespace will be encoded. If the optional argument <em>header</em> is
present and true, spaces will be encoded as underscores per <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1522.html"><strong>RFC 1522</strong></a>. If the
optional argument <em>header</em> is present and false, newline characters will be
encoded as well; otherwise linefeed conversion might corrupt the binary data
stream.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc_hqx">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">crc_hqx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc_hqx" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Compute a 16-bit CRC value of <em>data</em>, starting with <em>value</em> as the
initial CRC, and return the result.  This uses the CRC-CCITT polynomial
<em>x</em><sup>16</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>12</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>5</sup> + 1, often represented as
0x1021.  This CRC is used in the binhex4 format.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.crc32">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">crc32</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.crc32" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Compute CRC-32, the unsigned 32-bit checksum of <em>data</em>, starting with an
initial CRC of <em>value</em>.  The default initial CRC is zero.  The algorithm
is consistent with the ZIP file checksum.  Since the algorithm is designed for
use as a checksum algorithm, it is not suitable for use as a general hash
algorithm.  Use as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">&quot;hello world&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># Or, in two pieces:</span>
<span class="n">crc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">crc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crc32</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">&quot; world&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;crc32 = </span><span class="si">{:#010x}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crc</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.0: </span>The result is always unsigned.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.b2a_hex">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">b2a_hex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sep</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes_per_sep=1</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.hexlify">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hexlify</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sep</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes_per_sep=1</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.hexlify" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the hexadecimal representation of the binary <em>data</em>.  Every byte of
<em>data</em> is converted into the corresponding 2-digit hex representation.  The
returned bytes object is therefore twice as long as the length of <em>data</em>.</p>
<p>Similar functionality (but returning a text string) is also conveniently
accessible using the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.hex" title="bytes.hex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes.hex()</span></code></a> method.</p>
<p>If <em>sep</em> is specified, it must be a single character str or bytes object.
It will be inserted in the output after every <em>bytes_per_sep</em> input bytes.
Separator placement is counted from the right end of the output by default,
if you wish to count from the left, supply a negative <em>bytes_per_sep</em> value.</p>
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">binascii</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">b&#39;b901ef&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexlify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;-&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">b&#39;b9-01-ef&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;_&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">b&#39;b9_01ef&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\xb9\x01\xef</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">b&#39;b901 ef&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>The <em>sep</em> and <em>bytes_per_sep</em> parameters were added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.a2b_hex">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">a2b_hex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">hexstr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.a2b_hex" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.unhexlify">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unhexlify</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">hexstr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.unhexlify" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the binary data represented by the hexadecimal string <em>hexstr</em>.  This
function is the inverse of <a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.b2a_hex" title="binascii.b2a_hex"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b2a_hex()</span></code></a>. <em>hexstr</em> must contain an even number
of hexadecimal digits (which can be upper or lower case), otherwise an
<a class="reference internal" href="#binascii.Error" title="binascii.Error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Error</span></code></a> exception is raised.</p>
<p>Similar functionality (accepting only text string arguments, but more
liberal towards whitespace) is also accessible using the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.fromhex" title="bytes.fromhex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes.fromhex()</span></code></a> class method.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Error">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">exception</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Error" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised on errors. These are usually programming errors.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="binascii.Incomplete">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">exception</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">binascii.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Incomplete</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#binascii.Incomplete" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised on incomplete data. These are usually not programming errors,
but may be handled by reading a little more data and trying again.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="base64.html#module-base64" title="base64: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Support for RFC compliant base64-style encoding in base 16, 32, 64,
and 85.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="uu.html#module-uu" title="uu: Encode and decode files in uuencode format. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uu</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Support for UU encoding used on Unix.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html#module-quopri" title="quopri: Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Support for quoted-printable encoding used in MIME email messages.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</section>


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