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  <section id="module-_thread">
<span id="thread-low-level-threading-api"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-_thread" title="_thread: Low-level threading API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code></a> — Low-level threading API<a class="headerlink" href="#module-_thread" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
<p>This module provides low-level primitives for working with multiple threads
(also called <em class="dfn">light-weight processes</em> or <em class="dfn">tasks</em>) — multiple threads of
control sharing their global data space.  For synchronization, simple locks
(also called <em class="dfn">mutexes</em> or <em class="dfn">binary semaphores</em>) are provided.
The <a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#module-threading" title="threading: Thread-based parallelism."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code></a> module provides an easier to use and higher-level
threading API built on top of this module.</p>
<div class="versionchanged" id="index-1">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This module used to be optional, it is now always available.</p>
</div>
<p>This module defines the following constants and functions:</p>
<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.error">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">exception</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">error</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.error" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raised on thread-specific errors.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>This is now a synonym of the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.LockType">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">LockType</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.LockType" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is the type of lock objects.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.start_new_thread">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">start_new_thread</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">function</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.start_new_thread" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Start a new thread and return its identifier.  The thread executes the
function <em>function</em> with the argument list <em>args</em> (which must be a tuple).
The optional <em>kwargs</em> argument specifies a dictionary of keyword arguments.</p>
<p>When the function returns, the thread silently exits.</p>
<p>When the function terminates with an unhandled exception,
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.unraisablehook" title="sys.unraisablehook"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.unraisablehook()</span></code></a> is called to handle the exception. The <em>object</em>
attribute of the hook argument is <em>function</em>. By default, a stack trace is
printed and then the thread exits (but other threads continue to run).</p>
<p>When the function raises a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> exception, it is silently
ignored.</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread.start_new_thread</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.unraisablehook" title="sys.unraisablehook"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.unraisablehook()</span></code></a> is now used to handle unhandled exceptions.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.interrupt_main">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">interrupt_main</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">signum</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">signal.SIGINT</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">/</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.interrupt_main" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Simulate the effect of a signal arriving in the main thread.
A thread can use this function to interrupt the main thread, though
there is no guarantee that the interruption will happen immediately.</p>
<p>If given, <em>signum</em> is the number of the signal to simulate.
If <em>signum</em> is not given, <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIGINT" title="signal.SIGINT"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.SIGINT</span></code></a> is simulated.</p>
<p>If the given signal isn’t handled by Python (it was set to
<a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIG_DFL" title="signal.SIG_DFL"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.SIG_DFL</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIG_IGN" title="signal.SIG_IGN"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.SIG_IGN</span></code></a>), this function does
nothing.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The <em>signum</em> argument is added to customize the signal number.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This does not emit the corresponding signal but schedules a call to
the associated handler (if it exists).
If you want to truly emit the signal, use <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.raise_signal" title="signal.raise_signal"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.raise_signal()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.exit">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">exit</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.exit" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raise the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> exception.  When not caught, this will cause the
thread to exit silently.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.allocate_lock">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">allocate_lock</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.allocate_lock" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new lock object.  Methods of locks are described below.  The lock is
initially unlocked.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.get_ident">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_ident</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.get_ident" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the ‘thread identifier’ of the current thread.  This is a nonzero
integer.  Its value has no direct meaning; it is intended as a magic cookie to
be used e.g. to index a dictionary of thread-specific data.  Thread identifiers
may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is created.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.get_native_id">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_native_id</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.get_native_id" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the native integral Thread ID of the current thread assigned by the kernel.
This is a non-negative integer.
Its value may be used to uniquely identify this particular thread system-wide
(until the thread terminates, after which the value may be recycled by the OS).</p>
<div class="availability docutils container">
<p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, macOS, OpenBSD, NetBSD, AIX, DragonFlyBSD.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.stack_size">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stack_size</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.stack_size" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads.  The optional
<em>size</em> argument specifies the stack size to be used for subsequently created
threads, and must be 0 (use platform or configured default) or a positive
integer value of at least 32,768 (32 KiB). If <em>size</em> is not specified,
0 is used.  If changing the thread stack size is
unsupported, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a> is raised.  If the specified stack size is
invalid, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised and the stack size is unmodified.  32 KiB
is currently the minimum supported stack size value to guarantee sufficient
stack space for the interpreter itself.  Note that some platforms may have
particular restrictions on values for the stack size, such as requiring a
minimum stack size &gt; 32 KiB or requiring allocation in multiples of the system
memory page size - platform documentation should be referred to for more
information (4 KiB pages are common; using multiples of 4096 for the stack size is
the suggested approach in the absence of more specific information).</p>
<div class="availability docutils container">
<p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Windows, pthreads.</p>
<p>Unix platforms with POSIX threads support.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.TIMEOUT_MAX">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_thread.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">TIMEOUT_MAX</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.TIMEOUT_MAX" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The maximum value allowed for the <em>timeout</em> parameter of
<a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#threading.Lock.acquire" title="threading.Lock.acquire"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lock.acquire</span></code></a>. Specifying a timeout greater
than this value will raise an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<p>Lock objects have the following methods:</p>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.lock.acquire">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">lock.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">acquire</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">blocking</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">timeout</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">-1</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.lock.acquire" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Without any optional argument, this method acquires the lock unconditionally, if
necessary waiting until it is released by another thread (only one thread at a
time can acquire a lock — that’s their reason for existence).</p>
<p>If the <em>blocking</em> argument is present, the action depends on its
value: if it is False, the lock is only acquired if it can be acquired
immediately without waiting, while if it is True, the lock is acquired
unconditionally as above.</p>
<p>If the floating-point <em>timeout</em> argument is present and positive, it
specifies the maximum wait time in seconds before returning.  A negative
<em>timeout</em> argument specifies an unbounded wait.  You cannot specify
a <em>timeout</em> if <em>blocking</em> is False.</p>
<p>The return value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the lock is acquired successfully,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if not.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>The <em>timeout</em> parameter is new.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Lock acquires can now be interrupted by signals on POSIX.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.lock.release">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">lock.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">release</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.lock.release" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Releases the lock.  The lock must have been acquired earlier, but not
necessarily by the same thread.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="thread.lock.locked">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">lock.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">locked</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#thread.lock.locked" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the status of the lock: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if it has been acquired by some thread,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if not.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>In addition to these methods, lock objects can also be used via the
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">_thread</span>

<span class="n">a_lock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_thread</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">allocate_lock</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">a_lock</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;a_lock is locked while this executes&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Caveats:</strong></p>
<ul class="simple" id="index-2">
<li><p>Threads interact strangely with interrupts: the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></code></a>
exception will be received by an arbitrary thread.  (When the <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#module-signal" title="signal: Set handlers for asynchronous events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code></a>
module is available, interrupts always go to the main thread.)</p></li>
<li><p>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></code></a> or raising the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> exception is
equivalent to calling <a class="reference internal" href="#thread.exit" title="_thread.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread.exit()</span></code></a>.</p></li>
<li><p>It is not possible to interrupt the <a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#threading.Lock.acquire" title="threading.Lock.acquire"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">acquire()</span></code></a> method on
a lock — the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></code></a> exception will happen after the lock
has been acquired.</p></li>
<li><p>When the main thread exits, it is system defined whether the other threads
survive.  On most systems, they are killed without executing
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a> … <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clauses or executing object
destructors.</p></li>
<li><p>When the main thread exits, it does not do any of its usual cleanup (except
that <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a> … <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clauses are honored), and the
standard I/O files are not flushed.</p></li>
</ul>
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