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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">1. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pure-embedding">1.3. Pure Embedding</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li>
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  <section id="embedding-python-in-another-application">
<span id="embedding"></span><h1><span class="section-number">1. </span>Embedding Python in Another Application<a class="headerlink" href="#embedding-python-in-another-application" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>The previous chapters discussed how to extend Python, that is, how to extend the
functionality of Python by attaching a library of C functions to it.  It is also
possible to do it the other way around: enrich your C/C++ application by
embedding Python in it.  Embedding provides your application with the ability to
implement some of the functionality of your application in Python rather than C
or C++. This can be used for many purposes; one example would be to allow users
to tailor the application to their needs by writing some scripts in Python.  You
can also use it yourself if some of the functionality can be written in Python
more easily.</p>
<p>Embedding Python is similar to extending it, but not quite.  The difference is
that when you extend Python, the main program of the application is still the
Python interpreter, while if you embed Python, the main program may have nothing
to do with Python — instead, some parts of the application occasionally call
the Python interpreter to run some Python code.</p>
<p>So if you are embedding Python, you are providing your own main program.  One of
the things this main program has to do is initialize the Python interpreter.  At
the very least, you have to call the function <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a>.  There are
optional calls to pass command line arguments to Python.  Then later you can
call the interpreter from any part of the application.</p>
<p>There are several different ways to call the interpreter: you can pass a string
containing Python statements to <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_SimpleString" title="PyRun_SimpleString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleString()</span></code></a>, or you can pass a
stdio file pointer and a file name (for identification in error messages only)
to <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="PyRun_SimpleFile"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFile()</span></code></a>.  You can also call the lower-level operations
described in the previous chapters to construct and use Python objects.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API Reference Manual</span></a></dt><dd><p>The details of Python’s C interface are given in this manual. A great deal of
necessary information can be found here.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<section id="very-high-level-embedding">
<span id="high-level-embedding"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.1. </span>Very High Level Embedding<a class="headerlink" href="#very-high-level-embedding" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The simplest form of embedding Python is the use of the very high level
interface. This interface is intended to execute a Python script without needing
to interact with the application directly. This can for example be used to
perform some operation on a file.</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN</span>
<span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;Python.h&gt;</span>

<span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">wchar_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Py_DecodeLocale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Fatal error: cannot decode argv[0]</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Py_SetProgramName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="cm">/* optional but recommended */</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Py_Initialize</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">PyRun_SimpleString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;from time import time,ctime</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span>
<span class="w">                       </span><span class="s">&quot;print(&#39;Today is&#39;, ctime(time()))</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Py_FinalizeEx</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">PyMem_RawFree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">program</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_SetProgramName" title="Py_SetProgramName"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_SetProgramName()</span></code></a> function should be called before
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a> to inform the interpreter about paths to Python run-time
libraries.  Next, the Python interpreter is initialized with
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a>, followed by the execution of a hard-coded Python script
that prints the date and time.  Afterwards, the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_FinalizeEx" title="Py_FinalizeEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_FinalizeEx()</span></code></a> call shuts
the interpreter down, followed by the end of the program.  In a real program,
you may want to get the Python script from another source, perhaps a text-editor
routine, a file, or a database.  Getting the Python code from a file can better
be done by using the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/veryhigh.html#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="PyRun_SimpleFile"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFile()</span></code></a> function, which saves you the
trouble of allocating memory space and loading the file contents.</p>
</section>
<section id="beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">
<span id="lower-level-embedding"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.2. </span>Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview<a class="headerlink" href="#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The high level interface gives you the ability to execute arbitrary pieces of
Python code from your application, but exchanging data values is quite
cumbersome to say the least. If you want that, you should use lower level calls.
At the cost of having to write more C code, you can achieve almost anything.</p>
<p>It should be noted that extending Python and embedding Python is quite the same
activity, despite the different intent. Most topics discussed in the previous
chapters are still valid. To show this, consider what the extension code from
Python to C really does:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Convert data values from Python to C,</p></li>
<li><p>Perform a function call to a C routine using the converted values, and</p></li>
<li><p>Convert the data values from the call from C to Python.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>When embedding Python, the interface code does:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Convert data values from C to Python,</p></li>
<li><p>Perform a function call to a Python interface routine using the converted
values, and</p></li>
<li><p>Convert the data values from the call from Python to C.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>As you can see, the data conversion steps are simply swapped to accommodate the
different direction of the cross-language transfer. The only difference is the
routine that you call between both data conversions. When extending, you call a
C routine, when embedding, you call a Python routine.</p>
<p>This chapter will not discuss how to convert data from Python to C and vice
versa.  Also, proper use of references and dealing with errors is assumed to be
understood.  Since these aspects do not differ from extending the interpreter,
you can refer to earlier chapters for the required information.</p>
</section>
<section id="pure-embedding">
<span id="id1"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.3. </span>Pure Embedding<a class="headerlink" href="#pure-embedding" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The first program aims to execute a function in a Python script. Like in the
section about the very high level interface, the Python interpreter does not
directly interact with the application (but that will change in the next
section).</p>
<p>The code to run a function defined in a Python script is:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN</span>
<span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;Python.h&gt;</span>

<span class="kt">int</span>
<span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">&quot;Usage: call pythonfile funcname [args]</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>

<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Py_Initialize</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="cm">/* Error checking of pName left out */</span>

<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyImport_Import</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_GetAttrString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="cm">/* pFunc is a new reference */</span>

<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyCallable_Check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyTuple_New</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_FromLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">atoi</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]));</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Cannot convert argument</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="cm">/* pValue reference stolen here: */</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">PyTuple_SetItem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_CallObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Result of call: %ld</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_AsLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">PyErr_Print</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">&quot;Call failed</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyErr_Occurred</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="w">                </span><span class="n">PyErr_Print</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w">            </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Cannot find function </span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s">%s</span><span class="se">\&quot;\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">Py_DECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">PyErr_Print</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;Failed to load </span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s">%s</span><span class="se">\&quot;\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Py_FinalizeEx</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This code loads a Python script using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv[1]</span></code>, and calls the function named
in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv[2]</span></code>.  Its integer arguments are the other values of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv</span></code>
array.  If you <a class="reference internal" href="#compiling"><span class="std std-ref">compile and link</span></a> this program (let’s call
the finished executable <strong class="program">call</strong>), and use it to execute a Python
script, such as:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">multiply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Will compute&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;times&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">c</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>then the result should be:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>call<span class="w"> </span>multiply<span class="w"> </span>multiply<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>
<span class="go">Will compute 3 times 2</span>
<span class="go">Result of call: 6</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Although the program is quite large for its functionality, most of the code is
for data conversion between Python and C, and for error reporting.  The
interesting part with respect to embedding Python starts with</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Py_Initialize</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">pName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="cm">/* Error checking of pName left out */</span>
<span class="n">pModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyImport_Import</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pName</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>After initializing the interpreter, the script is loaded using
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/import.html#c.PyImport_Import" title="PyImport_Import"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyImport_Import()</span></code></a>.  This routine needs a Python string as its argument,
which is constructed using the <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/unicode.html#c.PyUnicode_FromString" title="PyUnicode_FromString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromString()</span></code></a> data conversion
routine.</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_GetAttrString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pModule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="cm">/* pFunc is a new reference */</span>

<span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyCallable_Check</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">...</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">Py_XDECREF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once the script is loaded, the name we’re looking for is retrieved using
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_GetAttrString" title="PyObject_GetAttrString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_GetAttrString()</span></code></a>.  If the name exists, and the object returned is
callable, you can safely assume that it is a function.  The program then
proceeds by constructing a tuple of arguments as normal.  The call to the Python
function is then made with:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pValue</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject_CallObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pFunc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pArgs</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Upon return of the function, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pValue</span></code> is either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> or it contains a
reference to the return value of the function.  Be sure to release the reference
after examining the value.</p>
</section>
<section id="extending-embedded-python">
<span id="extending-with-embedding"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.4. </span>Extending Embedded Python<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-embedded-python" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Until now, the embedded Python interpreter had no access to functionality from
the application itself.  The Python API allows this by extending the embedded
interpreter.  That is, the embedded interpreter gets extended with routines
provided by the application. While it sounds complex, it is not so bad.  Simply
forget for a while that the application starts the Python interpreter.  Instead,
consider the application to be a set of subroutines, and write some glue code
that gives Python access to those routines, just like you would write a normal
Python extension.  For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="cm">/* Return the number of arguments of the application command line */</span>
<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="nf">emb_numargs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">PyArg_ParseTuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;:numargs&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="w">        </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyLong_FromLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyMethodDef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EmbMethods</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&quot;numargs&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">emb_numargs</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">METH_VARARGS</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">     </span><span class="s">&quot;Return the number of arguments received by the process.&quot;</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyModuleDef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EmbModule</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="n">PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;emb&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EmbMethods</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span>
<span class="p">};</span>

<span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="nf">PyInit_emb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyModule_Create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">EmbModule</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Insert the above code just above the <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">main()</span></code> function. Also, insert the
following two statements before the call to <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">PyImport_AppendInittab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;emb&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">PyInit_emb</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These two lines initialize the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numargs</span></code> variable, and make the
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">emb.numargs()</span></code> function accessible to the embedded Python interpreter.
With these extensions, the Python script can do things like</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">emb</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Number of arguments&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">emb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">numargs</span><span class="p">())</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In a real application, the methods will expose an API of the application to
Python.</p>
</section>
<section id="embedding-python-in-c">
<span id="embeddingincplusplus"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.5. </span>Embedding Python in C++<a class="headerlink" href="#embedding-python-in-c" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>It is also possible to embed Python in a C++ program; precisely how this is done
will depend on the details of the C++ system used; in general you will need to
write the main program in C++, and use the C++ compiler to compile and link your
program.  There is no need to recompile Python itself using C++.</p>
</section>
<section id="compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">
<span id="compiling"></span><h2><span class="section-number">1.6. </span>Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems<a class="headerlink" href="#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>It is not necessarily trivial to find the right flags to pass to your
compiler (and linker) in order to embed the Python interpreter into your
application, particularly because Python needs to load library modules
implemented as C dynamic extensions (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.so</span></code> files) linked against
it.</p>
<p>To find out the required compiler and linker flags, you can execute the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em><span class="pre">-config</span></code> script which is generated as part of the
installation process (a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3-config</span></code> script may also be
available).  This script has several options, of which the following will
be directly useful to you:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pythonX.Y-config</span> <span class="pre">--cflags</span></code> will give you the recommended flags when
compiling:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>/opt/bin/python3.11-config<span class="w"> </span>--cflags
<span class="go">-I/opt/include/python3.11 -I/opt/include/python3.11 -Wsign-compare  -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pythonX.Y-config</span> <span class="pre">--ldflags</span> <span class="pre">--embed</span></code> will give you the recommended flags
when linking:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>/opt/bin/python3.11-config<span class="w"> </span>--ldflags<span class="w"> </span>--embed
<span class="go">-L/opt/lib/python3.11/config-3.11-x86_64-linux-gnu -L/opt/lib -lpython3.11 -lpthread -ldl  -lutil -lm</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>To avoid confusion between several Python installations (and especially
between the system Python and your own compiled Python), it is recommended
that you use the absolute path to <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span><em><span class="pre">X.Y</span></em><span class="pre">-config</span></code>, as in the above
example.</p>
</div>
<p>If this procedure doesn’t work for you (it is not guaranteed to work for
all Unix-like platforms; however, we welcome <a class="reference internal" href="../bugs.html#reporting-bugs"><span class="std std-ref">bug reports</span></a>)
you will have to read your system’s documentation about dynamic linking and/or
examine Python’s <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Makefile</span></code> (use <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sysconfig.html#sysconfig.get_makefile_filename" title="sysconfig.get_makefile_filename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig.get_makefile_filename()</span></code></a>
to find its location) and compilation
options.  In this case, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sysconfig.html#module-sysconfig" title="sysconfig: Python's configuration information"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code></a> module is a useful tool to
programmatically extract the configuration values that you will want to
combine together.  For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sysconfig</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sysconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_config_var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;LIBS&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;-lpthread -ldl  -lutil&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sysconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_config_var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;LINKFORSHARED&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&#39;-Xlinker -export-dynamic&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
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