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  173. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">

  174. <ul>

  175. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul>

  176. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html">What’s New In Python 3.12</a><ul>

  177. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  178. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  179. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-695-type-parameter-syntax">PEP 695: Type Parameter Syntax</a></li>

  180. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-701-syntactic-formalization-of-f-strings">PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings</a></li>

  181. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-684-a-per-interpreter-gil">PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL</a></li>

  182. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-669-low-impact-monitoring-for-cpython">PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython</a></li>

  183. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-688-making-the-buffer-protocol-accessible-in-python">PEP 688: Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python</a></li>

  184. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-709-comprehension-inlining">PEP 709: Comprehension inlining</a></li>

  185. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-error-messages">Improved Error Messages</a></li>

  186. </ul>

  187. </li>

  188. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul>

  189. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-692-using-typeddict-for-more-precise-kwargs-typing">PEP 692: Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> for more precise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> typing</a></li>

  190. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-698-override-decorator-for-static-typing">PEP 698: Override Decorator for Static Typing</a></li>

  191. </ul>

  192. </li>

  193. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  194. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>

  195. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  196. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#array">array</a></li>

  197. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  198. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#calendar">calendar</a></li>

  199. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#csv">csv</a></li>

  200. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#dis">dis</a></li>

  201. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#fractions">fractions</a></li>

  202. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li>

  203. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  204. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>

  205. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#math">math</a></li>

  206. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#os">os</a></li>

  207. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#os-path">os.path</a></li>

  208. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  209. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>

  210. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#random">random</a></li>

  211. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>

  212. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

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  216. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  217. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>

  218. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#tokenize">tokenize</a></li>

  219. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#types">types</a></li>

  220. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#typing">typing</a></li>

  221. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>

  222. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  223. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#uuid">uuid</a></li>

  224. </ul>

  225. </li>

  226. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  227. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>

  228. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li>

  229. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>

  230. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-13">Pending Removal in Python 3.13</a></li>

  231. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-14">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li>

  232. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-15">Pending Removal in Python 3.15</a></li>

  233. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-future-versions">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li>

  234. </ul>

  235. </li>

  236. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>

  237. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#asynchat-and-asyncore">asynchat and asyncore</a></li>

  238. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#configparser">configparser</a></li>

  239. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>

  240. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li>

  241. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#enum">enum</a></li>

  242. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li>

  243. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>

  244. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>

  245. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>

  246. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#imp">imp</a></li>

  247. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#io">io</a></li>

  248. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#locale">locale</a></li>

  249. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>

  250. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id2">sqlite3</a></li>

  251. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  252. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id3">unittest</a></li>

  253. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#webbrowser">webbrowser</a></li>

  254. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li>

  255. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#zipimport">zipimport</a></li>

  256. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#others">Others</a></li>

  257. </ul>

  258. </li>

  259. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#porting-to-python-3-12">Porting to Python 3.12</a><ul>

  260. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  261. </ul>

  262. </li>

  263. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>

  264. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>

  265. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id4">New Features</a></li>

  266. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id5">Porting to Python 3.12</a></li>

  267. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id6">Deprecated</a><ul>

  268. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id7">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li>

  269. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id8">Pending Removal in Python 3.15</a></li>

  270. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id9">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li>

  271. </ul>

  272. </li>

  273. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.12.html#id10">Removed</a></li>

  274. </ul>

  275. </li>

  276. </ul>

  277. </li>

  278. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html">What’s New In Python 3.11</a><ul>

  279. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  280. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  281. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-657-fine-grained-error-locations-in-tracebacks">PEP 657: Fine-grained error locations in tracebacks</a></li>

  282. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-654-exception-groups-and-except">PEP 654: Exception Groups and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except*</span></code></a></li>

  283. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-678-exceptions-can-be-enriched-with-notes">PEP 678: Exceptions can be enriched with notes</a></li>

  284. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#windows-py-exe-launcher-improvements">Windows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py.exe</span></code> launcher improvements</a></li>

  285. </ul>

  286. </li>

  287. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul>

  288. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-646-variadic-generics">PEP 646: Variadic generics</a></li>

  289. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-655-marking-individual-typeddict-items-as-required-or-not-required">PEP 655: Marking individual <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypedDict</span></code> items as required or not-required</a></li>

  290. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-673-self-type">PEP 673: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Self</span></code> type</a></li>

  291. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-675-arbitrary-literal-string-type">PEP 675: Arbitrary literal string type</a></li>

  292. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-681-data-class-transforms">PEP 681: Data class transforms</a></li>

  293. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-563-may-not-be-the-future">PEP 563 may not be the future</a></li>

  294. </ul>

  295. </li>

  296. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  297. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li>

  298. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>

  299. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  300. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  301. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  302. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li>

  303. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>

  304. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#enum">enum</a></li>

  305. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#fcntl">fcntl</a></li>

  306. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#fractions">fractions</a></li>

  307. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#functools">functools</a></li>

  308. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>

  309. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-idle">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>

  310. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  311. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#locale">locale</a></li>

  312. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  313. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#math">math</a></li>

  314. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#operator">operator</a></li>

  315. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#os">os</a></li>

  316. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  317. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#re">re</a></li>

  318. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>

  319. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  320. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  321. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#string">string</a></li>

  322. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  323. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>

  324. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li>

  325. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  326. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#time">time</a></li>

  327. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>

  328. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>

  329. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#typing">typing</a></li>

  330. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>

  331. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  332. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#venv">venv</a></li>

  333. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>

  334. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>

  335. </ul>

  336. </li>

  337. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  338. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-cpython">Faster CPython</a><ul>

  339. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-startup">Faster Startup</a><ul>

  340. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#frozen-imports-static-code-objects">Frozen imports / Static code objects</a></li>

  341. </ul>

  342. </li>

  343. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-runtime">Faster Runtime</a><ul>

  344. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#cheaper-lazy-python-frames">Cheaper, lazy Python frames</a></li>

  345. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#inlined-python-function-calls">Inlined Python function calls</a></li>

  346. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-659-specializing-adaptive-interpreter">PEP 659: Specializing Adaptive Interpreter</a></li>

  347. </ul>

  348. </li>

  349. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#misc">Misc</a></li>

  350. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#faq">FAQ</a><ul>

  351. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#how-should-i-write-my-code-to-utilize-these-speedups">How should I write my code to utilize these speedups?</a></li>

  352. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#will-cpython-3-11-use-more-memory">Will CPython 3.11 use more memory?</a></li>

  353. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#i-don-t-see-any-speedups-in-my-workload-why">I don’t see any speedups in my workload. Why?</a></li>

  354. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#is-there-a-jit-compiler">Is there a JIT compiler?</a></li>

  355. </ul>

  356. </li>

  357. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#about">About</a></li>

  358. </ul>

  359. </li>

  360. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a><ul>

  361. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#new-opcodes">New opcodes</a></li>

  362. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#replaced-opcodes">Replaced opcodes</a></li>

  363. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#changed-removed-opcodes">Changed/removed opcodes</a></li>

  364. </ul>

  365. </li>

  366. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>

  367. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#language-builtins">Language/Builtins</a></li>

  368. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#modules">Modules</a></li>

  369. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#standard-library">Standard Library</a></li>

  370. </ul>

  371. </li>

  372. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-12">Pending Removal in Python 3.12</a></li>

  373. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#removed">Removed</a></li>

  374. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#porting-to-python-3-11">Porting to Python 3.11</a></li>

  375. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>

  376. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>

  377. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-new-features">New Features</a></li>

  378. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-porting">Porting to Python 3.11</a></li>

  379. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>

  380. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-pending-removal">Pending Removal in Python 3.12</a></li>

  381. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-removed">Removed</a></li>

  382. </ul>

  383. </li>

  384. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#notable-changes-in-3-11-4">Notable changes in 3.11.4</a><ul>

  385. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  386. </ul>

  387. </li>

  388. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#notable-changes-in-3-11-5">Notable changes in 3.11.5</a><ul>

  389. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.11.html#openssl">OpenSSL</a></li>

  390. </ul>

  391. </li>

  392. </ul>

  393. </li>

  394. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html">What’s New In Python 3.10</a><ul>

  395. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  396. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  397. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#parenthesized-context-managers">Parenthesized context managers</a></li>

  398. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#better-error-messages">Better error messages</a><ul>

  399. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#syntaxerrors">SyntaxErrors</a></li>

  400. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#indentationerrors">IndentationErrors</a></li>

  401. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#attributeerrors">AttributeErrors</a></li>

  402. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#nameerrors">NameErrors</a></li>

  403. </ul>

  404. </li>

  405. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-626-precise-line-numbers-for-debugging-and-other-tools">PEP 626: Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools</a></li>

  406. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-634-structural-pattern-matching">PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching</a><ul>

  407. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#syntax-and-operations">Syntax and operations</a></li>

  408. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#declarative-approach">Declarative approach</a></li>

  409. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#simple-pattern-match-to-a-literal">Simple pattern: match to a literal</a><ul>

  410. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#behavior-without-the-wildcard">Behavior without the wildcard</a></li>

  411. </ul>

  412. </li>

  413. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-a-literal-and-variable">Patterns with a literal and variable</a></li>

  414. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-and-classes">Patterns and classes</a><ul>

  415. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-positional-parameters">Patterns with positional parameters</a></li>

  416. </ul>

  417. </li>

  418. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#nested-patterns">Nested patterns</a></li>

  419. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#complex-patterns-and-the-wildcard">Complex patterns and the wildcard</a></li>

  420. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#guard">Guard</a></li>

  421. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#other-key-features">Other Key Features</a></li>

  422. </ul>

  423. </li>

  424. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#optional-encodingwarning-and-encoding-locale-option">Optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EncodingWarning</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encoding=&quot;locale&quot;</span></code> option</a></li>

  425. </ul>

  426. </li>

  427. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul>

  428. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-604-new-type-union-operator">PEP 604: New Type Union Operator</a></li>

  429. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-612-parameter-specification-variables">PEP 612: Parameter Specification Variables</a></li>

  430. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-613-typealias">PEP 613: TypeAlias</a></li>

  431. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-647-user-defined-type-guards">PEP 647: User-Defined Type Guards</a></li>

  432. </ul>

  433. </li>

  434. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  435. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>

  436. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  437. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  438. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>

  439. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#array">array</a></li>

  440. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#asynchat-asyncore-smtpd">asynchat, asyncore, smtpd</a></li>

  441. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#base64">base64</a></li>

  442. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#bdb">bdb</a></li>

  443. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#bisect">bisect</a></li>

  444. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#codecs">codecs</a></li>

  445. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>

  446. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  447. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#curses">curses</a></li>

  448. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a><ul>

  449. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#slots">__slots__</a></li>

  450. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#keyword-only-fields">Keyword-only fields</a></li>

  451. </ul>

  452. </li>

  453. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>

  454. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>

  455. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#encodings">encodings</a></li>

  456. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#enum">enum</a></li>

  457. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li>

  458. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>

  459. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#gc">gc</a></li>

  460. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#glob">glob</a></li>

  461. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>

  462. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>

  463. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>

  464. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#importlib-metadata">importlib.metadata</a></li>

  465. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  466. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>

  467. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#linecache">linecache</a></li>

  468. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#os">os</a></li>

  469. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#os-path">os.path</a></li>

  470. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  471. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#platform">platform</a></li>

  472. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>

  473. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>

  474. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pyclbr">pyclbr</a></li>

  475. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#shelve">shelve</a></li>

  476. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>

  477. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#site">site</a></li>

  478. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  479. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  480. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  481. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  482. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#thread">_thread</a></li>

  483. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  484. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>

  485. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#types">types</a></li>

  486. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#typing">typing</a></li>

  487. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  488. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>

  489. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#xml">xml</a></li>

  490. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#zipimport">zipimport</a></li>

  491. </ul>

  492. </li>

  493. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  494. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>

  495. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#removed">Removed</a></li>

  496. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#porting-to-python-3-10">Porting to Python 3.10</a><ul>

  497. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-syntax">Changes in the Python syntax</a></li>

  498. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  499. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>

  500. </ul>

  501. </li>

  502. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>

  503. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>

  504. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>

  505. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-652-maintaining-the-stable-abi">PEP 652: Maintaining the Stable ABI</a></li>

  506. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id1">New Features</a></li>

  507. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.10</a></li>

  508. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id3">Deprecated</a></li>

  509. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#id4">Removed</a></li>

  510. </ul>

  511. </li>

  512. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-10-7">Notable security feature in 3.10.7</a></li>

  513. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-10-8">Notable security feature in 3.10.8</a></li>

  514. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#notable-changes-in-3-10-12">Notable changes in 3.10.12</a><ul>

  515. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.10.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  516. </ul>

  517. </li>

  518. </ul>

  519. </li>

  520. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html">What’s New In Python 3.9</a><ul>

  521. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  522. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#you-should-check-for-deprecationwarning-in-your-code">You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code</a></li>

  523. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  524. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#dictionary-merge-update-operators">Dictionary Merge &amp; Update Operators</a></li>

  525. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-string-methods-to-remove-prefixes-and-suffixes">New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes</a></li>

  526. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#type-hinting-generics-in-standard-collections">Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections</a></li>

  527. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-parser">New Parser</a></li>

  528. </ul>

  529. </li>

  530. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  531. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>

  532. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#zoneinfo">zoneinfo</a></li>

  533. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#graphlib">graphlib</a></li>

  534. </ul>

  535. </li>

  536. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  537. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ast">ast</a></li>

  538. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  539. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>

  540. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>

  541. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#curses">curses</a></li>

  542. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>

  543. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>

  544. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#fcntl">fcntl</a></li>

  545. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li>

  546. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#gc">gc</a></li>

  547. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>

  548. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#http">http</a></li>

  549. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>

  550. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>

  551. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>

  552. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  553. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>

  554. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#math">math</a></li>

  555. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>

  556. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#nntplib">nntplib</a></li>

  557. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#os">os</a></li>

  558. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  559. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>

  560. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>

  561. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>

  562. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>

  563. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#random">random</a></li>

  564. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#signal">signal</a></li>

  565. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>

  566. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  567. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#time">time</a></li>

  568. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  569. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>

  570. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#typing">typing</a></li>

  571. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>

  572. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#venv">venv</a></li>

  573. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#xml">xml</a></li>

  574. </ul>

  575. </li>

  576. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  577. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>

  578. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#removed">Removed</a></li>

  579. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#porting-to-python-3-9">Porting to Python 3.9</a><ul>

  580. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  581. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>

  582. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>

  583. </ul>

  584. </li>

  585. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>

  586. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul>

  587. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id1">New Features</a></li>

  588. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.9</a></li>

  589. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id3">Removed</a></li>

  590. </ul>

  591. </li>

  592. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-1">Notable changes in Python 3.9.1</a><ul>

  593. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id4">typing</a></li>

  594. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support">macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support</a></li>

  595. </ul>

  596. </li>

  597. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-2">Notable changes in Python 3.9.2</a><ul>

  598. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>

  599. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>

  600. </ul>

  601. </li>

  602. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-3">Notable changes in Python 3.9.3</a></li>

  603. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-5">Notable changes in Python 3.9.5</a><ul>

  604. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#id5">urllib.parse</a></li>

  605. </ul>

  606. </li>

  607. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-9-14">Notable security feature in 3.9.14</a></li>

  608. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-3-9-17">Notable changes in 3.9.17</a><ul>

  609. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.9.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  610. </ul>

  611. </li>

  612. </ul>

  613. </li>

  614. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html">What’s New In Python 3.8</a><ul>

  615. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  616. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  617. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#assignment-expressions">Assignment expressions</a></li>

  618. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#positional-only-parameters">Positional-only parameters</a></li>

  619. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#parallel-filesystem-cache-for-compiled-bytecode-files">Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files</a></li>

  620. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#debug-build-uses-the-same-abi-as-release-build">Debug build uses the same ABI as release build</a></li>

  621. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#f-strings-support-for-self-documenting-expressions-and-debugging">f-strings support <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">=</span></code> for self-documenting expressions and debugging</a></li>

  622. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-578-python-runtime-audit-hooks">PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks</a></li>

  623. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-587-python-initialization-configuration">PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration</a></li>

  624. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-590-vectorcall-a-fast-calling-protocol-for-cpython">PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython</a></li>

  625. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle-protocol-5-with-out-of-band-data-buffers">Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers</a></li>

  626. </ul>

  627. </li>

  628. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  629. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li>

  630. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  631. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ast">ast</a></li>

  632. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  633. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#builtins">builtins</a></li>

  634. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#collections">collections</a></li>

  635. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li>

  636. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#csv">csv</a></li>

  637. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#curses">curses</a></li>

  638. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li>

  639. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>

  640. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#functools">functools</a></li>

  641. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gc">gc</a></li>

  642. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gettext">gettext</a></li>

  643. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>

  644. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li>

  645. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  646. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#io">io</a></li>

  647. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>

  648. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#json-tool">json.tool</a></li>

  649. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  650. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#math">math</a></li>

  651. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>

  652. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>

  653. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#os">os</a></li>

  654. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#os-path">os.path</a></li>

  655. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  656. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>

  657. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li>

  658. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>

  659. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>

  660. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>

  661. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>

  662. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  663. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  664. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>

  665. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  666. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  667. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  668. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tokenize">tokenize</a></li>

  669. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>

  670. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#time">time</a></li>

  671. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#typing">typing</a></li>

  672. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>

  673. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  674. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#venv">venv</a></li>

  675. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#weakref">weakref</a></li>

  676. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#xml">xml</a></li>

  677. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li>

  678. </ul>

  679. </li>

  680. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  681. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  682. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li>

  683. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>

  684. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#porting-to-python-3-8">Porting to Python 3.8</a><ul>

  685. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li>

  686. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  687. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>

  688. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>

  689. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li>

  690. </ul>

  691. </li>

  692. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-1">Notable changes in Python 3.8.1</a></li>

  693. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-2">Notable changes in Python 3.8.2</a></li>

  694. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-3">Notable changes in Python 3.8.3</a></li>

  695. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-8">Notable changes in Python 3.8.8</a></li>

  696. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-9">Notable changes in Python 3.8.9</a></li>

  697. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-10">Notable changes in Python 3.8.10</a><ul>

  698. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support">macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support</a></li>

  699. </ul>

  700. </li>

  701. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#id1">Notable changes in Python 3.8.10</a><ul>

  702. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>

  703. </ul>

  704. </li>

  705. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-12">Notable changes in Python 3.8.12</a><ul>

  706. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#id2">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  707. </ul>

  708. </li>

  709. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-8-14">Notable security feature in 3.8.14</a></li>

  710. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-3-8-17">Notable changes in 3.8.17</a><ul>

  711. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.8.html#id3">tarfile</a></li>

  712. </ul>

  713. </li>

  714. </ul>

  715. </li>

  716. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html">What’s New In Python 3.7</a><ul>

  717. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li>

  718. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  719. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-563-postponed-evaluation-of-annotations">PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations</a></li>

  720. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-538-legacy-c-locale-coercion">PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion</a></li>

  721. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-540-forced-utf-8-runtime-mode">PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode</a></li>

  722. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-553-built-in-breakpoint">PEP 553: Built-in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">breakpoint()</span></code></a></li>

  723. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-539-new-c-api-for-thread-local-storage">PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage</a></li>

  724. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-562-customization-of-access-to-module-attributes">PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes</a></li>

  725. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-564-new-time-functions-with-nanosecond-resolution">PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution</a></li>

  726. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-565-show-deprecationwarning-in-main">PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a></li>

  727. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-560-core-support-for-typing-module-and-generic-types">PEP 560: Core Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> module and Generic Types</a></li>

  728. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-552-hash-based-pyc-files">PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files</a></li>

  729. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-545-python-documentation-translations">PEP 545: Python Documentation Translations</a></li>

  730. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#python-development-mode-x-dev">Python Development Mode (-X dev)</a></li>

  731. </ul>

  732. </li>

  733. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  734. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>

  735. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#contextvars">contextvars</a></li>

  736. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li>

  737. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li>

  738. </ul>

  739. </li>

  740. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  741. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>

  742. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  743. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>

  744. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#calendar">calendar</a></li>

  745. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#collections">collections</a></li>

  746. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>

  747. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>

  748. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  749. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li>

  750. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#crypt">crypt</a></li>

  751. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>

  752. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>

  753. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#decimal">decimal</a></li>

  754. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#dis">dis</a></li>

  755. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>

  756. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#enum">enum</a></li>

  757. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#functools">functools</a></li>

  758. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#gc">gc</a></li>

  759. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>

  760. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>

  761. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#http-server">http.server</a></li>

  762. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>

  763. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>

  764. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#io">io</a></li>

  765. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>

  766. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>

  767. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#locale">locale</a></li>

  768. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  769. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#math">math</a></li>

  770. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#mimetypes">mimetypes</a></li>

  771. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#msilib">msilib</a></li>

  772. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>

  773. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#os">os</a></li>

  774. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  775. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>

  776. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li>

  777. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>

  778. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#queue">queue</a></li>

  779. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#re">re</a></li>

  780. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#signal">signal</a></li>

  781. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  782. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>

  783. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  784. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  785. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#string">string</a></li>

  786. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>

  787. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  788. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#time">time</a></li>

  789. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>

  790. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>

  791. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#types">types</a></li>

  792. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>

  793. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  794. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>

  795. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>

  796. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#uu">uu</a></li>

  797. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#uuid">uuid</a></li>

  798. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>

  799. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#xml">xml</a></li>

  800. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#xml-etree">xml.etree</a></li>

  801. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#xmlrpc-server">xmlrpc.server</a></li>

  802. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li>

  803. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>

  804. </ul>

  805. </li>

  806. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a></li>

  807. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li>

  808. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  809. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li>

  810. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li>

  811. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul>

  812. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#aifc">aifc</a></li>

  813. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#whatsnew37-asyncio-deprecated">asyncio</a></li>

  814. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id3">collections</a></li>

  815. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id4">dbm</a></li>

  816. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id5">enum</a></li>

  817. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#gettext">gettext</a></li>

  818. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id6">importlib</a></li>

  819. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id7">locale</a></li>

  820. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#macpath">macpath</a></li>

  821. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  822. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id8">socket</a></li>

  823. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id9">ssl</a></li>

  824. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#sunau">sunau</a></li>

  825. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id10">sys</a></li>

  826. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#wave">wave</a></li>

  827. </ul>

  828. </li>

  829. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>

  830. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#platform-support-removals">Platform Support Removals</a></li>

  831. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>

  832. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#module-removals">Module Removals</a></li>

  833. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#windows-only-changes">Windows-only Changes</a></li>

  834. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#porting-to-python-3-7">Porting to Python 3.7</a><ul>

  835. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python Behavior</a></li>

  836. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  837. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>

  838. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>

  839. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id12">Windows-only Changes</a></li>

  840. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#id13">Other CPython implementation changes</a></li>

  841. </ul>

  842. </li>

  843. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-1">Notable changes in Python 3.7.1</a></li>

  844. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-2">Notable changes in Python 3.7.2</a></li>

  845. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-6">Notable changes in Python 3.7.6</a></li>

  846. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-10">Notable changes in Python 3.7.10</a></li>

  847. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-11">Notable changes in Python 3.7.11</a></li>

  848. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-security-feature-in-3-7-14">Notable security feature in 3.7.14</a></li>

  849. </ul>

  850. </li>

  851. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html">What’s New In Python 3.6</a><ul>

  852. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  853. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  854. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals">PEP 498: Formatted string literals</a></li>

  855. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-526-syntax-for-variable-annotations">PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations</a></li>

  856. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-515-underscores-in-numeric-literals">PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals</a></li>

  857. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-525-asynchronous-generators">PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators</a></li>

  858. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-530-asynchronous-comprehensions">PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions</a></li>

  859. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-simpler-customization-of-class-creation">PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation</a></li>

  860. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-descriptor-protocol-enhancements">PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements</a></li>

  861. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-519-adding-a-file-system-path-protocol">PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol</a></li>

  862. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-495-local-time-disambiguation">PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation</a></li>

  863. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-529-change-windows-filesystem-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8</a></li>

  864. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-528-change-windows-console-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8</a></li>

  865. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-520-preserving-class-attribute-definition-order">PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order</a></li>

  866. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-468-preserving-keyword-argument-order">PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order</a></li>

  867. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-dict-implementation">New <span class="xref std std-ref">dict</span> implementation</a></li>

  868. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-523-adding-a-frame-evaluation-api-to-cpython">PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython</a></li>

  869. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pythonmalloc-environment-variable">PYTHONMALLOC environment variable</a></li>

  870. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#dtrace-and-systemtap-probing-support">DTrace and SystemTap probing support</a></li>

  871. </ul>

  872. </li>

  873. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  874. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>

  875. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#secrets">secrets</a></li>

  876. </ul>

  877. </li>

  878. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  879. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#array">array</a></li>

  880. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#ast">ast</a></li>

  881. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  882. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>

  883. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#cmath">cmath</a></li>

  884. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#collections">collections</a></li>

  885. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>

  886. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  887. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>

  888. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#decimal">decimal</a></li>

  889. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>

  890. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#email">email</a></li>

  891. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#encodings">encodings</a></li>

  892. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#enum">enum</a></li>

  893. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>

  894. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li>

  895. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>

  896. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>

  897. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>

  898. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>

  899. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  900. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#json">json</a></li>

  901. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  902. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#math">math</a></li>

  903. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>

  904. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#os">os</a></li>

  905. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  906. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>

  907. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>

  908. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pickletools">pickletools</a></li>

  909. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>

  910. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#random">random</a></li>

  911. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#re">re</a></li>

  912. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#readline">readline</a></li>

  913. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#rlcompleter">rlcompleter</a></li>

  914. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>

  915. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#site">site</a></li>

  916. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  917. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  918. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>

  919. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  920. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>

  921. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#struct">struct</a></li>

  922. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>

  923. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  924. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#telnetlib">telnetlib</a></li>

  925. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#time">time</a></li>

  926. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#timeit">timeit</a></li>

  927. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>

  928. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>

  929. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>

  930. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#typing">typing</a></li>

  931. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>

  932. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>

  933. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-request">urllib.request</a></li>

  934. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-robotparser">urllib.robotparser</a></li>

  935. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#venv">venv</a></li>

  936. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#warnings">warnings</a></li>

  937. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#winreg">winreg</a></li>

  938. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#winsound">winsound</a></li>

  939. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#xmlrpc-client">xmlrpc.client</a></li>

  940. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>

  941. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#zlib">zlib</a></li>

  942. </ul>

  943. </li>

  944. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  945. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  946. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li>

  947. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>

  948. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li>

  949. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python behavior</a></li>

  950. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul>

  951. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asynchat">asynchat</a></li>

  952. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li>

  953. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>

  954. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id2">distutils</a></li>

  955. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#grp">grp</a></li>

  956. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id3">importlib</a></li>

  957. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id4">os</a></li>

  958. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id5">re</a></li>

  959. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id6">ssl</a></li>

  960. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#id7">tkinter</a></li>

  961. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#whatsnew36-venv">venv</a></li>

  962. </ul>

  963. </li>

  964. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#xml">xml</a></li>

  965. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>

  966. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-build-options">Deprecated Build Options</a></li>

  967. </ul>

  968. </li>

  969. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>

  970. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>

  971. </ul>

  972. </li>

  973. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#porting-to-python-3-6">Porting to Python 3.6</a><ul>

  974. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li>

  975. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  976. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>

  977. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li>

  978. </ul>

  979. </li>

  980. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-2">Notable changes in Python 3.6.2</a><ul>

  981. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li>

  982. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li>

  983. </ul>

  984. </li>

  985. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-4">Notable changes in Python 3.6.4</a></li>

  986. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-5">Notable changes in Python 3.6.5</a></li>

  987. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-7">Notable changes in Python 3.6.7</a></li>

  988. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-10">Notable changes in Python 3.6.10</a></li>

  989. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-13">Notable changes in Python 3.6.13</a></li>

  990. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-14">Notable changes in Python 3.6.14</a></li>

  991. </ul>

  992. </li>

  993. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html">What’s New In Python 3.5</a><ul>

  994. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  995. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  996. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax">PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax</a></li>

  997. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication">PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</a></li>

  998. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations">PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations</a></li>

  999. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray">PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray</a></li>

  1000. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-484-type-hints">PEP 484 - Type Hints</a></li>

  1001. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator">PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</a></li>

  1002. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr">PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR</a></li>

  1003. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</a></li>

  1004. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality">PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality</a></li>

  1005. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments">PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</a></li>

  1006. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files">PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files</a></li>

  1007. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization">PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization</a></li>

  1008. </ul>

  1009. </li>

  1010. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  1011. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>

  1012. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#typing">typing</a></li>

  1013. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li>

  1014. </ul>

  1015. </li>

  1016. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  1017. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>

  1018. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  1019. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#bz2">bz2</a></li>

  1020. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cgi">cgi</a></li>

  1021. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#cmath">cmath</a></li>

  1022. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#code">code</a></li>

  1023. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections">collections</a></li>

  1024. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li>

  1025. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#compileall">compileall</a></li>

  1026. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li>

  1027. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#configparser">configparser</a></li>

  1028. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  1029. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#csv">csv</a></li>

  1030. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#curses">curses</a></li>

  1031. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>

  1032. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#difflib">difflib</a></li>

  1033. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#distutils">distutils</a></li>

  1034. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>

  1035. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#email">email</a></li>

  1036. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#enum">enum</a></li>

  1037. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>

  1038. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#functools">functools</a></li>

  1039. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#glob">glob</a></li>

  1040. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#gzip">gzip</a></li>

  1041. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#heapq">heapq</a></li>

  1042. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http">http</a></li>

  1043. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>

  1044. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>

  1045. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>

  1046. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#imghdr">imghdr</a></li>

  1047. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>

  1048. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  1049. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#io">io</a></li>

  1050. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>

  1051. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#json">json</a></li>

  1052. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#linecache">linecache</a></li>

  1053. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#locale">locale</a></li>

  1054. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  1055. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#lzma">lzma</a></li>

  1056. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#math">math</a></li>

  1057. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>

  1058. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#operator">operator</a></li>

  1059. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#os">os</a></li>

  1060. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  1061. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>

  1062. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>

  1063. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#re">re</a></li>

  1064. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#readline">readline</a></li>

  1065. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>

  1066. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>

  1067. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#signal">signal</a></li>

  1068. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>

  1069. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>

  1070. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sndhdr">sndhdr</a></li>

  1071. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  1072. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#ssl">ssl</a><ul>

  1073. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li>

  1074. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support</a></li>

  1075. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-changes">Other Changes</a></li>

  1076. </ul>

  1077. </li>

  1078. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  1079. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>

  1080. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  1081. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>

  1082. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  1083. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  1084. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#time">time</a></li>

  1085. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#timeit">timeit</a></li>

  1086. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li>

  1087. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>

  1088. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#types">types</a></li>

  1089. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li>

  1090. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  1091. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li>

  1092. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>

  1093. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#wsgiref">wsgiref</a></li>

  1094. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li>

  1095. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#xml-sax">xml.sax</a></li>

  1096. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>

  1097. </ul>

  1098. </li>

  1099. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#other-module-level-changes">Other module-level changes</a></li>

  1100. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1101. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  1102. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>

  1103. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li>

  1104. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li>

  1105. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li>

  1106. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li>

  1107. </ul>

  1108. </li>

  1109. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>

  1110. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>

  1111. </ul>

  1112. </li>

  1113. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#porting-to-python-3-5">Porting to Python 3.5</a><ul>

  1114. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li>

  1115. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  1116. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>

  1117. </ul>

  1118. </li>

  1119. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4">Notable changes in Python 3.5.4</a><ul>

  1120. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li>

  1121. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.5.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li>

  1122. </ul>

  1123. </li>

  1124. </ul>

  1125. </li>

  1126. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html">What’s New In Python 3.4</a><ul>

  1127. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li>

  1128. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul>

  1129. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-453-explicit-bootstrapping-of-pip-in-python-installations">PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations</a><ul>

  1130. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li>

  1131. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li>

  1132. </ul>

  1133. </li>

  1134. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-446-newly-created-file-descriptors-are-non-inheritable">PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable</a></li>

  1135. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improvements-to-codec-handling">Improvements to Codec Handling</a></li>

  1136. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-451-a-modulespec-type-for-the-import-system">PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System</a></li>

  1137. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  1138. </ul>

  1139. </li>

  1140. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>

  1141. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li>

  1142. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li>

  1143. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#enum">enum</a></li>

  1144. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li>

  1145. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#selectors">selectors</a></li>

  1146. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#statistics">statistics</a></li>

  1147. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li>

  1148. </ul>

  1149. </li>

  1150. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  1151. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#abc">abc</a></li>

  1152. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#aifc">aifc</a></li>

  1153. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#argparse">argparse</a></li>

  1154. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#audioop">audioop</a></li>

  1155. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#base64">base64</a></li>

  1156. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#collections">collections</a></li>

  1157. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#colorsys">colorsys</a></li>

  1158. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  1159. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>

  1160. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#dis">dis</a></li>

  1161. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>

  1162. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#email">email</a></li>

  1163. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#filecmp">filecmp</a></li>

  1164. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#functools">functools</a></li>

  1165. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#gc">gc</a></li>

  1166. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#glob">glob</a></li>

  1167. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>

  1168. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>

  1169. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#html">html</a></li>

  1170. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#http">http</a></li>

  1171. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li>

  1172. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#importlib">importlib</a></li>

  1173. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  1174. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>

  1175. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  1176. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#marshal">marshal</a></li>

  1177. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>

  1178. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>

  1179. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#operator">operator</a></li>

  1180. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#os">os</a></li>

  1181. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>

  1182. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>

  1183. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li>

  1184. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>

  1185. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pprint">pprint</a></li>

  1186. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pty">pty</a></li>

  1187. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>

  1188. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#re">re</a></li>

  1189. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#resource">resource</a></li>

  1190. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#select">select</a></li>

  1191. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#shelve">shelve</a></li>

  1192. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>

  1193. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>

  1194. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>

  1195. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  1196. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  1197. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  1198. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#stat">stat</a></li>

  1199. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#struct">struct</a></li>

  1200. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>

  1201. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#sunau">sunau</a></li>

  1202. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  1203. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  1204. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#textwrap">textwrap</a></li>

  1205. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  1206. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#traceback">traceback</a></li>

  1207. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#types">types</a></li>

  1208. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>

  1209. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  1210. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#venv">venv</a></li>

  1211. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#wave">wave</a></li>

  1212. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#weakref">weakref</a></li>

  1213. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#xml-etree">xml.etree</a></li>

  1214. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li>

  1215. </ul>

  1216. </li>

  1217. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#cpython-implementation-changes">CPython Implementation Changes</a><ul>

  1218. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-445-customization-of-cpython-memory-allocators">PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators</a></li>

  1219. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-442-safe-object-finalization">PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization</a></li>

  1220. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-456-secure-and-interchangeable-hash-algorithm">PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm</a></li>

  1221. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-436-argument-clinic">PEP 436: Argument Clinic</a></li>

  1222. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-build-and-c-api-changes">Other Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  1223. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li>

  1224. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#significant-optimizations">Significant Optimizations</a></li>

  1225. </ul>

  1226. </li>

  1227. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>

  1228. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecations-in-the-python-api">Deprecations in the Python API</a></li>

  1229. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated-features">Deprecated Features</a></li>

  1230. </ul>

  1231. </li>

  1232. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#removed">Removed</a><ul>

  1233. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#operating-systems-no-longer-supported">Operating Systems No Longer Supported</a></li>

  1234. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li>

  1235. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#code-cleanups">Code Cleanups</a></li>

  1236. </ul>

  1237. </li>

  1238. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#porting-to-python-3-4">Porting to Python 3.4</a><ul>

  1239. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li>

  1240. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li>

  1241. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li>

  1242. </ul>

  1243. </li>

  1244. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#changed-in-3-4-3">Changed in 3.4.3</a><ul>

  1245. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients">PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients</a></li>

  1246. </ul>

  1247. </li>

  1248. </ul>

  1249. </li>

  1250. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html">What’s New In Python 3.3</a><ul>

  1251. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>

  1252. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-405-virtual-environments">PEP 405: Virtual Environments</a></li>

  1253. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-420-implicit-namespace-packages">PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages</a></li>

  1254. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3118-new-memoryview-implementation-and-buffer-protocol-documentation">PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation</a><ul>

  1255. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#features">Features</a></li>

  1256. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#api-changes">API changes</a></li>

  1257. </ul>

  1258. </li>

  1259. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-393-flexible-string-representation">PEP 393: Flexible String Representation</a><ul>

  1260. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#functionality">Functionality</a></li>

  1261. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#performance-and-resource-usage">Performance and resource usage</a></li>

  1262. </ul>

  1263. </li>

  1264. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-397-python-launcher-for-windows">PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows</a></li>

  1265. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3151-reworking-the-os-and-io-exception-hierarchy">PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy</a></li>

  1266. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-380-syntax-for-delegating-to-a-subgenerator">PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator</a></li>

  1267. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-409-suppressing-exception-context">PEP 409: Suppressing exception context</a></li>

  1268. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-414-explicit-unicode-literals">PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals</a></li>

  1269. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3155-qualified-name-for-classes-and-functions">PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions</a></li>

  1270. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-412-key-sharing-dictionary">PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary</a></li>

  1271. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-362-function-signature-object">PEP 362: Function Signature Object</a></li>

  1272. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-421-adding-sys-implementation">PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation</a><ul>

  1273. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#simplenamespace">SimpleNamespace</a></li>

  1274. </ul>

  1275. </li>

  1276. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#using-importlib-as-the-implementation-of-import">Using importlib as the Implementation of Import</a><ul>

  1277. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#new-apis">New APIs</a></li>

  1278. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#visible-changes">Visible Changes</a></li>

  1279. </ul>

  1280. </li>

  1281. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  1282. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#a-finer-grained-import-lock">A Finer-Grained Import Lock</a></li>

  1283. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#builtin-functions-and-types">Builtin functions and types</a></li>

  1284. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul>

  1285. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li>

  1286. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li>

  1287. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#lzma">lzma</a></li>

  1288. </ul>

  1289. </li>

  1290. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul>

  1291. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#abc">abc</a></li>

  1292. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#array">array</a></li>

  1293. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#base64">base64</a></li>

  1294. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#binascii">binascii</a></li>

  1295. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#bz2">bz2</a></li>

  1296. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#codecs">codecs</a></li>

  1297. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#collections">collections</a></li>

  1298. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  1299. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#crypt">crypt</a></li>

  1300. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#curses">curses</a></li>

  1301. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#datetime">datetime</a></li>

  1302. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#decimal">decimal</a><ul>

  1303. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#id1">Features</a></li>

  1304. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#id2">API changes</a></li>

  1305. </ul>

  1306. </li>

  1307. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#email">email</a><ul>

  1308. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#policy-framework">Policy Framework</a></li>

  1309. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#provisional-policy-with-new-header-api">Provisional Policy with New Header API</a></li>

  1310. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#other-api-changes">Other API Changes</a></li>

  1311. </ul>

  1312. </li>

  1313. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li>

  1314. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#functools">functools</a></li>

  1315. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#gc">gc</a></li>

  1316. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#hmac">hmac</a></li>

  1317. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#http">http</a></li>

  1318. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#html">html</a></li>

  1319. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>

  1320. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  1321. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#io">io</a></li>

  1322. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>

  1323. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  1324. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#math">math</a></li>

  1325. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#mmap">mmap</a></li>

  1326. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li>

  1327. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#nntplib">nntplib</a></li>

  1328. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#os">os</a></li>

  1329. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>

  1330. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pickle">pickle</a></li>

  1331. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>

  1332. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#re">re</a></li>

  1333. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#sched">sched</a></li>

  1334. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#select">select</a></li>

  1335. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#shlex">shlex</a></li>

  1336. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>

  1337. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#signal">signal</a></li>

  1338. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li>

  1339. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li>

  1340. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  1341. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li>

  1342. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  1343. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  1344. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#stat">stat</a></li>

  1345. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#struct">struct</a></li>

  1346. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li>

  1347. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#sys">sys</a></li>

  1348. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  1349. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li>

  1350. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#textwrap">textwrap</a></li>

  1351. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  1352. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#time">time</a></li>

  1353. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#types">types</a></li>

  1354. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  1355. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#urllib">urllib</a></li>

  1356. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#webbrowser">webbrowser</a></li>

  1357. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li>

  1358. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#zlib">zlib</a></li>

  1359. </ul>

  1360. </li>

  1361. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1362. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  1363. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>

  1364. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li>

  1365. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li>

  1366. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>

  1367. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-features">Deprecated features</a></li>

  1368. </ul>

  1369. </li>

  1370. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-to-python-3-3">Porting to Python 3.3</a><ul>

  1371. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-python-code">Porting Python code</a></li>

  1372. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-c-code">Porting C code</a></li>

  1373. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#building-c-extensions">Building C extensions</a></li>

  1374. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#command-line-switch-changes">Command Line Switch Changes</a></li>

  1375. </ul>

  1376. </li>

  1377. </ul>

  1378. </li>

  1379. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html">What’s New In Python 3.2</a><ul>

  1380. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-384-defining-a-stable-abi">PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI</a></li>

  1381. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-389-argparse-command-line-parsing-module">PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module</a></li>

  1382. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391:  Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging</a></li>

  1383. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3148-the-concurrent-futures-module">PEP 3148:  The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> module</a></li>

  1384. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3147-pyc-repository-directories">PEP 3147:  PYC Repository Directories</a></li>

  1385. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3149-abi-version-tagged-so-files">PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files</a></li>

  1386. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3333-python-web-server-gateway-interface-v1-0-1">PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1</a></li>

  1387. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  1388. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>

  1389. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#email">email</a></li>

  1390. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#elementtree">elementtree</a></li>

  1391. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#functools">functools</a></li>

  1392. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>

  1393. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#collections">collections</a></li>

  1394. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#threading">threading</a></li>

  1395. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#datetime-and-time">datetime and time</a></li>

  1396. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#math">math</a></li>

  1397. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#abc">abc</a></li>

  1398. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#io">io</a></li>

  1399. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#reprlib">reprlib</a></li>

  1400. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#logging">logging</a></li>

  1401. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#csv">csv</a></li>

  1402. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li>

  1403. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#decimal-and-fractions">decimal and fractions</a></li>

  1404. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ftp">ftp</a></li>

  1405. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#popen">popen</a></li>

  1406. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#select">select</a></li>

  1407. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#gzip-and-zipfile">gzip and zipfile</a></li>

  1408. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li>

  1409. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>

  1410. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ast">ast</a></li>

  1411. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#os">os</a></li>

  1412. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>

  1413. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li>

  1414. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#html">html</a></li>

  1415. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#socket">socket</a></li>

  1416. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>

  1417. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#nntp">nntp</a></li>

  1418. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#certificates">certificates</a></li>

  1419. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li>

  1420. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#http-client">http.client</a></li>

  1421. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#unittest">unittest</a></li>

  1422. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#random">random</a></li>

  1423. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#poplib">poplib</a></li>

  1424. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li>

  1425. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li>

  1426. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#inspect">inspect</a></li>

  1427. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li>

  1428. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#dis">dis</a></li>

  1429. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#dbm">dbm</a></li>

  1430. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li>

  1431. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#site">site</a></li>

  1432. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li>

  1433. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pdb">pdb</a></li>

  1434. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#configparser">configparser</a></li>

  1435. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li>

  1436. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#mailbox">mailbox</a></li>

  1437. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#turtledemo">turtledemo</a></li>

  1438. </ul>

  1439. </li>

  1440. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li>

  1441. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1442. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li>

  1443. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#codecs">Codecs</a></li>

  1444. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>

  1445. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#idle">IDLE</a></li>

  1446. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#code-repository">Code Repository</a></li>

  1447. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  1448. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#porting-to-python-3-2">Porting to Python 3.2</a></li>

  1449. </ul>

  1450. </li>

  1451. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html">What’s New In Python 3.1</a><ul>

  1452. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-372-ordered-dictionaries">PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries</a></li>

  1453. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li>

  1454. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>

  1455. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a></li>

  1456. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1457. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#idle">IDLE</a></li>

  1458. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  1459. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#porting-to-python-3-1">Porting to Python 3.1</a></li>

  1460. </ul>

  1461. </li>

  1462. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html">What’s New In Python 3.0</a><ul>

  1463. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#common-stumbling-blocks">Common Stumbling Blocks</a><ul>

  1464. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function">Print Is A Function</a></li>

  1465. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#views-and-iterators-instead-of-lists">Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists</a></li>

  1466. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#ordering-comparisons">Ordering Comparisons</a></li>

  1467. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#integers">Integers</a></li>

  1468. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#text-vs-data-instead-of-unicode-vs-8-bit">Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit</a></li>

  1469. </ul>

  1470. </li>

  1471. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#overview-of-syntax-changes">Overview Of Syntax Changes</a><ul>

  1472. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#new-syntax">New Syntax</a></li>

  1473. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changed-syntax">Changed Syntax</a></li>

  1474. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#removed-syntax">Removed Syntax</a></li>

  1475. </ul>

  1476. </li>

  1477. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-already-present-in-python-2-6">Changes Already Present In Python 2.6</a></li>

  1478. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#library-changes">Library Changes</a></li>

  1479. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#pep-3101-a-new-approach-to-string-formatting"><strong>PEP 3101</strong>: A New Approach To String Formatting</a></li>

  1480. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-to-exceptions">Changes To Exceptions</a></li>

  1481. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#miscellaneous-other-changes">Miscellaneous Other Changes</a><ul>

  1482. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#operators-and-special-methods">Operators And Special Methods</a></li>

  1483. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#builtins">Builtins</a></li>

  1484. </ul>

  1485. </li>

  1486. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>

  1487. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#performance">Performance</a></li>

  1488. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#porting-to-python-3-0">Porting To Python 3.0</a></li>

  1489. </ul>

  1490. </li>

  1491. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html">What’s New in Python 2.7</a><ul>

  1492. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x">The Future for Python 2.x</a></li>

  1493. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#changes-to-the-handling-of-deprecation-warnings">Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings</a></li>

  1494. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features">Python 3.1 Features</a></li>

  1495. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections">PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections</a></li>

  1496. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li>

  1497. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines">PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines</a></li>

  1498. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging</a></li>

  1499. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views">PEP 3106: Dictionary Views</a></li>

  1500. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object">PEP 3137: The memoryview Object</a></li>

  1501. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>

  1502. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li>

  1503. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1504. </ul>

  1505. </li>

  1506. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul>

  1507. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-importlib">New module: importlib</a></li>

  1508. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-sysconfig">New module: sysconfig</a></li>

  1509. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#ttk-themed-widgets-for-tk">ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk</a></li>

  1510. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-unittest">Updated module: unittest</a></li>

  1511. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-elementtree-1-3">Updated module: ElementTree 1.3</a></li>

  1512. </ul>

  1513. </li>

  1514. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>

  1515. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#capsules">Capsules</a></li>

  1516. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li>

  1517. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li>

  1518. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-freebsd">Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD</a></li>

  1519. </ul>

  1520. </li>

  1521. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>

  1522. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7">Porting to Python 2.7</a></li>

  1523. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-features-added-to-python-2-7-maintenance-releases">New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases</a><ul>

  1524. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#two-new-environment-variables-for-debug-mode">Two new environment variables for debug mode</a></li>

  1525. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-434-idle-enhancement-exception-for-all-branches">PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches</a></li>

  1526. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-466-network-security-enhancements-for-python-2-7">PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7</a></li>

  1527. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-477-backport-ensurepip-pep-453-to-python-2-7">PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7</a><ul>

  1528. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li>

  1529. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li>

  1530. </ul>

  1531. </li>

  1532. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients">PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients</a></li>

  1533. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-493-https-verification-migration-tools-for-python-2-7">PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7</a></li>

  1534. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li>

  1535. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li>

  1536. </ul>

  1537. </li>

  1538. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1539. </ul>

  1540. </li>

  1541. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html">What’s New in Python 2.6</a><ul>

  1542. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#python-3-0">Python 3.0</a></li>

  1543. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process">Changes to the Development Process</a><ul>

  1544. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-issue-tracker-roundup">New Issue Tracker: Roundup</a></li>

  1545. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-documentation-format-restructuredtext-using-sphinx">New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx</a></li>

  1546. </ul>

  1547. </li>

  1548. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul>

  1549. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li>

  1550. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li>

  1551. </ul>

  1552. </li>

  1553. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module">PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module</a></li>

  1554. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory">PEP 370: Per-user <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site-packages</span></code> Directory</a></li>

  1555. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package">PEP 371: The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> Package</a></li>

  1556. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting">PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a></li>

  1557. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function">PEP 3105: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> As a Function</a></li>

  1558. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes">PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes</a></li>

  1559. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals">PEP 3112: Byte Literals</a></li>

  1560. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library">PEP 3116: New I/O Library</a></li>

  1561. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol">PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol</a></li>

  1562. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes">PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes</a></li>

  1563. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax">PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax</a></li>

  1564. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators">PEP 3129: Class Decorators</a></li>

  1565. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers">PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers</a><ul>

  1566. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-fractions-module">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> Module</a></li>

  1567. </ul>

  1568. </li>

  1569. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>

  1570. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1571. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li>

  1572. </ul>

  1573. </li>

  1574. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul>

  1575. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-ast-module">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> module</a></li>

  1576. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-future-builtins-module">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">future_builtins</span></code> module</a></li>

  1577. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-json-module-javascript-object-notation">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> module: JavaScript Object Notation</a></li>

  1578. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-plistlib-module-a-property-list-parser">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> module: A Property-List Parser</a></li>

  1579. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#ctypes-enhancements">ctypes Enhancements</a></li>

  1580. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#improved-ssl-support">Improved SSL Support</a></li>

  1581. </ul>

  1582. </li>

  1583. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals">Deprecations and Removals</a></li>

  1584. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>

  1585. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li>

  1586. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li>

  1587. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-irix">Port-Specific Changes: IRIX</a></li>

  1588. </ul>

  1589. </li>

  1590. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6">Porting to Python 2.6</a></li>

  1591. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1592. </ul>

  1593. </li>

  1594. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html">What’s New in Python 2.5</a><ul>

  1595. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions">PEP 308: Conditional Expressions</a></li>

  1596. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application">PEP 309: Partial Function Application</a></li>

  1597. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1">PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1</a></li>

  1598. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports">PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports</a></li>

  1599. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts">PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts</a></li>

  1600. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally">PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally</a></li>

  1601. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features">PEP 342: New Generator Features</a></li>

  1602. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul>

  1603. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li>

  1604. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li>

  1605. </ul>

  1606. </li>

  1607. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes">PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes</a></li>

  1608. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type">PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type</a></li>

  1609. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method">PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method</a></li>

  1610. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>

  1611. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#interactive-interpreter-changes">Interactive Interpreter Changes</a></li>

  1612. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1613. </ul>

  1614. </li>

  1615. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules">New, Improved, and Removed Modules</a><ul>

  1616. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-ctypes-package">The ctypes package</a></li>

  1617. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-elementtree-package">The ElementTree package</a></li>

  1618. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-hashlib-package">The hashlib package</a></li>

  1619. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-sqlite3-package">The sqlite3 package</a></li>

  1620. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-wsgiref-package">The wsgiref package</a></li>

  1621. </ul>

  1622. </li>

  1623. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>

  1624. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>

  1625. </ul>

  1626. </li>

  1627. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5">Porting to Python 2.5</a></li>

  1628. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1629. </ul>

  1630. </li>

  1631. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html">What’s New in Python 2.4</a><ul>

  1632. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects">PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects</a></li>

  1633. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li>

  1634. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions">PEP 289: Generator Expressions</a></li>

  1635. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions">PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions</a></li>

  1636. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods">PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods</a></li>

  1637. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration">PEP 322: Reverse Iteration</a></li>

  1638. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module">PEP 324: New subprocess Module</a></li>

  1639. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type">PEP 327: Decimal Data Type</a><ul>

  1640. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#why-is-decimal-needed">Why is Decimal needed?</a></li>

  1641. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-decimal-type">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Decimal</span></code> type</a></li>

  1642. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-context-type">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Context</span></code> type</a></li>

  1643. </ul>

  1644. </li>

  1645. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports">PEP 328: Multi-line Imports</a></li>

  1646. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions">PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions</a></li>

  1647. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>

  1648. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1649. </ul>

  1650. </li>

  1651. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>

  1652. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#cookielib">cookielib</a></li>

  1653. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>

  1654. </ul>

  1655. </li>

  1656. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>

  1657. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>

  1658. </ul>

  1659. </li>

  1660. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4">Porting to Python 2.4</a></li>

  1661. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1662. </ul>

  1663. </li>

  1664. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html">What’s New in Python 2.3</a><ul>

  1665. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype">PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype</a></li>

  1666. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li>

  1667. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings">PEP 263: Source Code Encodings</a></li>

  1668. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives">PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives</a></li>

  1669. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt">PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT</a></li>

  1670. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support">PEP 278: Universal Newline Support</a></li>

  1671. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate">PEP 279: enumerate()</a></li>

  1672. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package">PEP 282: The logging Package</a></li>

  1673. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type">PEP 285: A Boolean Type</a></li>

  1674. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks">PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks</a></li>

  1675. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils">PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils</a></li>

  1676. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks">PEP 302: New Import Hooks</a></li>

  1677. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files">PEP 305: Comma-separated Files</a></li>

  1678. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements">PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements</a></li>

  1679. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#extended-slices">Extended Slices</a></li>

  1680. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>

  1681. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#string-changes">String Changes</a></li>

  1682. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>

  1683. </ul>

  1684. </li>

  1685. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>

  1686. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#date-time-type">Date/Time Type</a></li>

  1687. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#the-optparse-module">The optparse Module</a></li>

  1688. </ul>

  1689. </li>

  1690. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator">Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator</a></li>

  1691. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>

  1692. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>

  1693. </ul>

  1694. </li>

  1695. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>

  1696. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3">Porting to Python 2.3</a></li>

  1697. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1698. </ul>

  1699. </li>

  1700. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html">What’s New in Python 2.2</a><ul>

  1701. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  1702. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes">PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes</a><ul>

  1703. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#old-and-new-classes">Old and New Classes</a></li>

  1704. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#descriptors">Descriptors</a></li>

  1705. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#multiple-inheritance-the-diamond-rule">Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule</a></li>

  1706. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#attribute-access">Attribute Access</a></li>

  1707. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#related-links">Related Links</a></li>

  1708. </ul>

  1709. </li>

  1710. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-234-iterators">PEP 234: Iterators</a></li>

  1711. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li>

  1712. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li>

  1713. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator">PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator</a></li>

  1714. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#unicode-changes">Unicode Changes</a></li>

  1715. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li>

  1716. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li>

  1717. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes">Interpreter Changes and Fixes</a></li>

  1718. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>

  1719. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1720. </ul>

  1721. </li>

  1722. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html">What’s New in Python 2.1</a><ul>

  1723. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  1724. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li>

  1725. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives">PEP 236: __future__ Directives</a></li>

  1726. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons">PEP 207: Rich Comparisons</a></li>

  1727. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework">PEP 230: Warning Framework</a></li>

  1728. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system">PEP 229: New Build System</a></li>

  1729. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references">PEP 205: Weak References</a></li>

  1730. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes">PEP 232: Function Attributes</a></li>

  1731. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms">PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms</a></li>

  1732. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook">PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook</a></li>

  1733. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model">PEP 208: New Coercion Model</a></li>

  1734. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages">PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages</a></li>

  1735. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li>

  1736. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>

  1737. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1738. </ul>

  1739. </li>

  1740. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html">What’s New in Python 2.0</a><ul>

  1741. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  1742. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6">What About Python 1.6?</a></li>

  1743. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-development-process">New Development Process</a></li>

  1744. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li>

  1745. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#list-comprehensions">List Comprehensions</a></li>

  1746. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#augmented-assignment">Augmented Assignment</a></li>

  1747. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li>

  1748. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles">Garbage Collection of Cycles</a></li>

  1749. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#other-core-changes">Other Core Changes</a><ul>

  1750. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#minor-language-changes">Minor Language Changes</a></li>

  1751. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#changes-to-built-in-functions">Changes to Built-in Functions</a></li>

  1752. </ul>

  1753. </li>

  1754. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#porting-to-2-0">Porting to 2.0</a></li>

  1755. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes">Extending/Embedding Changes</a></li>

  1756. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install">Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install</a></li>

  1757. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#xml-modules">XML Modules</a><ul>

  1758. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#sax2-support">SAX2 Support</a></li>

  1759. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#dom-support">DOM Support</a></li>

  1760. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#relationship-to-pyxml">Relationship to PyXML</a></li>

  1761. </ul>

  1762. </li>

  1763. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#module-changes">Module changes</a></li>

  1764. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-modules">New modules</a></li>

  1765. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#idle-improvements">IDLE Improvements</a></li>

  1766. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules">Deleted and Deprecated Modules</a></li>

  1767. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  1768. </ul>

  1769. </li>

  1770. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/changelog.html">Changelog</a></li>

  1771. </ul>

  1772. </li>

  1773. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">The Python Tutorial</a><ul>

  1774. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appetite.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a></li>

  1775. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul>

  1776. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul>

  1777. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li>

  1778. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li>

  1779. </ul>

  1780. </li>

  1781. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul>

  1782. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li>

  1783. </ul>

  1784. </li>

  1785. </ul>

  1786. </li>

  1787. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a><ul>

  1788. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Using Python as a Calculator</a><ul>

  1789. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. Numbers</a></li>

  1790. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#text">3.1.2. Text</a></li>

  1791. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#lists">3.1.3. Lists</a></li>

  1792. </ul>

  1793. </li>

  1794. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. First Steps Towards Programming</a></li>

  1795. </ul>

  1796. </li>

  1797. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a><ul>

  1798. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> Statements</a></li>

  1799. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> Statements</a></li>

  1800. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code> Function</a></li>

  1801. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code> and <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> Statements, and <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> Clauses on Loops</a></li>

  1802. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.5. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> Statements</a></li>

  1803. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#match-statements">4.6. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">match</span></code> Statements</a></li>

  1804. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.7. Defining Functions</a></li>

  1805. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.8. More on Defining Functions</a><ul>

  1806. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.8.1. Default Argument Values</a></li>

  1807. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.8.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li>

  1808. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#special-parameters">4.8.3. Special parameters</a><ul>

  1809. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#positional-or-keyword-arguments">4.8.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments</a></li>

  1810. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#positional-only-parameters">4.8.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters</a></li>

  1811. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-only-arguments">4.8.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments</a></li>

  1812. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#function-examples">4.8.3.4. Function Examples</a></li>

  1813. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#recap">4.8.3.5. Recap</a></li>

  1814. </ul>

  1815. </li>

  1816. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.8.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li>

  1817. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.8.5. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li>

  1818. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.8.6. Lambda Expressions</a></li>

  1819. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.8.7. Documentation Strings</a></li>

  1820. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#function-annotations">4.8.8. Function Annotations</a></li>

  1821. </ul>

  1822. </li>

  1823. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.9. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li>

  1824. </ul>

  1825. </li>

  1826. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html">5. Data Structures</a><ul>

  1827. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. More on Lists</a><ul>

  1828. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li>

  1829. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li>

  1830. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions</a></li>

  1831. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li>

  1832. </ul>

  1833. </li>

  1834. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li>

  1835. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li>

  1836. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li>

  1837. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li>

  1838. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li>

  1839. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li>

  1840. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li>

  1841. </ul>

  1842. </li>

  1843. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html">6. Modules</a><ul>

  1844. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul>

  1845. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li>

  1846. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li>

  1847. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li>

  1848. </ul>

  1849. </li>

  1850. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li>

  1851. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> Function</a></li>

  1852. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul>

  1853. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li>

  1854. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li>

  1855. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li>

  1856. </ul>

  1857. </li>

  1858. </ul>

  1859. </li>

  1860. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html">7. Input and Output</a><ul>

  1861. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul>

  1862. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. Formatted String Literals</a></li>

  1863. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#the-string-format-method">7.1.2. The String format() Method</a></li>

  1864. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#manual-string-formatting">7.1.3. Manual String Formatting</a></li>

  1865. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.4. Old string formatting</a></li>

  1866. </ul>

  1867. </li>

  1868. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul>

  1869. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li>

  1870. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li>

  1871. </ul>

  1872. </li>

  1873. </ul>

  1874. </li>

  1875. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul>

  1876. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li>

  1877. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li>

  1878. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li>

  1879. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li>

  1880. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#exception-chaining">8.5. Exception Chaining</a></li>

  1881. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.6. User-defined Exceptions</a></li>

  1882. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li>

  1883. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li>

  1884. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#raising-and-handling-multiple-unrelated-exceptions">8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions</a></li>

  1885. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#enriching-exceptions-with-notes">8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes</a></li>

  1886. </ul>

  1887. </li>

  1888. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul>

  1889. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li>

  1890. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul>

  1891. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li>

  1892. </ul>

  1893. </li>

  1894. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul>

  1895. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li>

  1896. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li>

  1897. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li>

  1898. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li>

  1899. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables</a></li>

  1900. </ul>

  1901. </li>

  1902. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li>

  1903. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul>

  1904. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li>

  1905. </ul>

  1906. </li>

  1907. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#private-variables">9.6. Private Variables</a></li>

  1908. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#odds-and-ends">9.7. Odds and Ends</a></li>

  1909. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#iterators">9.8. Iterators</a></li>

  1910. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generators">9.9. Generators</a></li>

  1911. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generator-expressions">9.10. Generator Expressions</a></li>

  1912. </ul>

  1913. </li>

  1914. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul>

  1915. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li>

  1916. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li>

  1917. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li>

  1918. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li>

  1919. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#string-pattern-matching">10.5. String Pattern Matching</a></li>

  1920. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#mathematics">10.6. Mathematics</a></li>

  1921. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#internet-access">10.7. Internet Access</a></li>

  1922. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#dates-and-times">10.8. Dates and Times</a></li>

  1923. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#data-compression">10.9. Data Compression</a></li>

  1924. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#performance-measurement">10.10. Performance Measurement</a></li>

  1925. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#quality-control">10.11. Quality Control</a></li>

  1926. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#batteries-included">10.12. Batteries Included</a></li>

  1927. </ul>

  1928. </li>

  1929. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html">11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II</a><ul>

  1930. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#output-formatting">11.1. Output Formatting</a></li>

  1931. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#templating">11.2. Templating</a></li>

  1932. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts">11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts</a></li>

  1933. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#multi-threading">11.4. Multi-threading</a></li>

  1934. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#logging">11.5. Logging</a></li>

  1935. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#weak-references">11.6. Weak References</a></li>

  1936. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#tools-for-working-with-lists">11.7. Tools for Working with Lists</a></li>

  1937. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic">11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic</a></li>

  1938. </ul>

  1939. </li>

  1940. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html">12. Virtual Environments and Packages</a><ul>

  1941. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#introduction">12.1. Introduction</a></li>

  1942. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. Creating Virtual Environments</a></li>

  1943. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv.html#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. Managing Packages with pip</a></li>

  1944. </ul>

  1945. </li>

  1946. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/whatnow.html">13. What Now?</a></li>

  1947. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html">14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a><ul>

  1948. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#tab-completion-and-history-editing">14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing</a></li>

  1949. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter">14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter</a></li>

  1950. </ul>

  1951. </li>

  1952. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html">15. Floating Point Arithmetic:  Issues and Limitations</a><ul>

  1953. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error">15.1. Representation Error</a></li>

  1954. </ul>

  1955. </li>

  1956. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html">16. Appendix</a><ul>

  1957. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#interactive-mode">16.1. Interactive Mode</a><ul>

  1958. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#error-handling">16.1.1. Error Handling</a></li>

  1959. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#executable-python-scripts">16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li>

  1960. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-interactive-startup-file">16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File</a></li>

  1961. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix.html#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li>

  1962. </ul>

  1963. </li>

  1964. </ul>

  1965. </li>

  1966. </ul>

  1967. </li>

  1968. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="using/index.html">Python Setup and Usage</a><ul>

  1969. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html">1. Command line and environment</a><ul>

  1970. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#command-line">1.1. Command line</a><ul>

  1971. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#interface-options">1.1.1. Interface options</a></li>

  1972. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#generic-options">1.1.2. Generic options</a></li>

  1973. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#miscellaneous-options">1.1.3. Miscellaneous options</a></li>

  1974. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#options-you-shouldn-t-use">1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use</a></li>

  1975. </ul>

  1976. </li>

  1977. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#environment-variables">1.2. Environment variables</a><ul>

  1978. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#debug-mode-variables">1.2.1. Debug-mode variables</a></li>

  1979. </ul>

  1980. </li>

  1981. </ul>

  1982. </li>

  1983. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul>

  1984. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul>

  1985. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a></li>

  1986. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li>

  1987. </ul>

  1988. </li>

  1989. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li>

  1990. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li>

  1991. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li>

  1992. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#custom-openssl">2.5. Custom OpenSSL</a></li>

  1993. </ul>

  1994. </li>

  1995. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html">3. Configure Python</a><ul>

  1996. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#build-requirements">3.1. Build Requirements</a></li>

  1997. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#generated-files">3.2. Generated files</a><ul>

  1998. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#configure-script">3.2.1. configure script</a></li>

  1999. </ul>

  2000. </li>

  2001. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#configure-options">3.3. Configure Options</a><ul>

  2002. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#general-options">3.3.1. General Options</a></li>

  2003. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#webassembly-options">3.3.2. WebAssembly Options</a></li>

  2004. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#install-options">3.3.3. Install Options</a></li>

  2005. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#performance-options">3.3.4. Performance options</a></li>

  2006. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#python-debug-build">3.3.5. Python Debug Build</a></li>

  2007. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#debug-options">3.3.6. Debug options</a></li>

  2008. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#linker-options">3.3.7. Linker options</a></li>

  2009. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#libraries-options">3.3.8. Libraries options</a></li>

  2010. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#security-options">3.3.9. Security Options</a></li>

  2011. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#macos-options">3.3.10. macOS Options</a></li>

  2012. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#cross-compiling-options">3.3.11. Cross Compiling Options</a></li>

  2013. </ul>

  2014. </li>

  2015. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#python-build-system">3.4. Python Build System</a><ul>

  2016. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#main-files-of-the-build-system">3.4.1. Main files of the build system</a></li>

  2017. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#main-build-steps">3.4.2. Main build steps</a></li>

  2018. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#main-makefile-targets">3.4.3. Main Makefile targets</a></li>

  2019. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#c-extensions">3.4.4. C extensions</a></li>

  2020. </ul>

  2021. </li>

  2022. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#compiler-and-linker-flags">3.5. Compiler and linker flags</a><ul>

  2023. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#preprocessor-flags">3.5.1. Preprocessor flags</a></li>

  2024. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#compiler-flags">3.5.2. Compiler flags</a></li>

  2025. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure.html#linker-flags">3.5.3. Linker flags</a></li>

  2026. </ul>

  2027. </li>

  2028. </ul>

  2029. </li>

  2030. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html">4. Using Python on Windows</a><ul>

  2031. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-full-installer">4.1. The full installer</a><ul>

  2032. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installation-steps">4.1.1. Installation steps</a></li>

  2033. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#removing-the-max-path-limitation">4.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation</a></li>

  2034. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-without-ui">4.1.3. Installing Without UI</a></li>

  2035. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-without-downloading">4.1.4. Installing Without Downloading</a></li>

  2036. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#modifying-an-install">4.1.5. Modifying an install</a></li>

  2037. </ul>

  2038. </li>

  2039. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-microsoft-store-package">4.2. The Microsoft Store package</a><ul>

  2040. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#known-issues">4.2.1. Known issues</a><ul>

  2041. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#redirection-of-local-data-registry-and-temporary-paths">4.2.1.1. Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary paths</a></li>

  2042. </ul>

  2043. </li>

  2044. </ul>

  2045. </li>

  2046. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-nuget-org-packages">4.3. The nuget.org packages</a></li>

  2047. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#the-embeddable-package">4.4. The embeddable package</a><ul>

  2048. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#python-application">4.4.1. Python Application</a></li>

  2049. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#embedding-python">4.4.2. Embedding Python</a></li>

  2050. </ul>

  2051. </li>

  2052. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#alternative-bundles">4.5. Alternative bundles</a></li>

  2053. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#configuring-python">4.6. Configuring Python</a><ul>

  2054. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#excursus-setting-environment-variables">4.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables</a></li>

  2055. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-the-python-executable">4.6.2. Finding the Python executable</a></li>

  2056. </ul>

  2057. </li>

  2058. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#utf-8-mode">4.7. UTF-8 mode</a></li>

  2059. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#python-launcher-for-windows">4.8. Python Launcher for Windows</a><ul>

  2060. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#getting-started">4.8.1. Getting started</a><ul>

  2061. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-the-command-line">4.8.1.1. From the command-line</a></li>

  2062. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#virtual-environments">4.8.1.2. Virtual environments</a></li>

  2063. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-a-script">4.8.1.3. From a script</a></li>

  2064. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-file-associations">4.8.1.4. From file associations</a></li>

  2065. </ul>

  2066. </li>

  2067. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#shebang-lines">4.8.2. Shebang Lines</a></li>

  2068. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#arguments-in-shebang-lines">4.8.3. Arguments in shebang lines</a></li>

  2069. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization">4.8.4. Customization</a><ul>

  2070. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization-via-ini-files">4.8.4.1. Customization via INI files</a></li>

  2071. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customizing-default-python-versions">4.8.4.2. Customizing default Python versions</a></li>

  2072. </ul>

  2073. </li>

  2074. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#diagnostics">4.8.5. Diagnostics</a></li>

  2075. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#dry-run">4.8.6. Dry Run</a></li>

  2076. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#install-on-demand">4.8.7. Install on demand</a></li>

  2077. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#return-codes">4.8.8. Return codes</a></li>

  2078. </ul>

  2079. </li>

  2080. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-modules">4.9. Finding modules</a></li>

  2081. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#additional-modules">4.10. Additional modules</a><ul>

  2082. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#pywin32">4.10.1. PyWin32</a></li>

  2083. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#cx-freeze">4.10.2. cx_Freeze</a></li>

  2084. </ul>

  2085. </li>

  2086. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#compiling-python-on-windows">4.11. Compiling Python on Windows</a></li>

  2087. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#other-platforms">4.12. Other Platforms</a></li>

  2088. </ul>

  2089. </li>

  2090. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html">5. Using Python on a Mac</a><ul>

  2091. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#getting-and-installing-python">5.1. Getting and Installing Python</a><ul>

  2092. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#how-to-run-a-python-script">5.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li>

  2093. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#running-scripts-with-a-gui">5.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li>

  2094. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#configuration">5.1.3. Configuration</a></li>

  2095. </ul>

  2096. </li>

  2097. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#the-ide">5.2. The IDE</a></li>

  2098. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installing-additional-python-packages">5.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li>

  2099. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#gui-programming">5.4. GUI Programming</a></li>

  2100. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#distributing-python-applications">5.5. Distributing Python Applications</a></li>

  2101. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#other-resources">5.6. Other Resources</a></li>

  2102. </ul>

  2103. </li>

  2104. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/editors.html">6. Editors and IDEs</a></li>

  2105. </ul>

  2106. </li>

  2107. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/index.html">The Python Language Reference</a><ul>

  2108. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html">1. Introduction</a><ul>

  2109. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#alternate-implementations">1.1. Alternate Implementations</a></li>

  2110. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#notation">1.2. Notation</a></li>

  2111. </ul>

  2112. </li>

  2113. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html">2. Lexical analysis</a><ul>

  2114. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#line-structure">2.1. Line structure</a><ul>

  2115. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#logical-lines">2.1.1. Logical lines</a></li>

  2116. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#physical-lines">2.1.2. Physical lines</a></li>

  2117. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#comments">2.1.3. Comments</a></li>

  2118. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#encoding-declarations">2.1.4. Encoding declarations</a></li>

  2119. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#explicit-line-joining">2.1.5. Explicit line joining</a></li>

  2120. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#implicit-line-joining">2.1.6. Implicit line joining</a></li>

  2121. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#blank-lines">2.1.7. Blank lines</a></li>

  2122. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#indentation">2.1.8. Indentation</a></li>

  2123. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#whitespace-between-tokens">2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens</a></li>

  2124. </ul>

  2125. </li>

  2126. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#other-tokens">2.2. Other tokens</a></li>

  2127. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers">2.3. Identifiers and keywords</a><ul>

  2128. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords">2.3.1. Keywords</a></li>

  2129. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#soft-keywords">2.3.2. Soft Keywords</a></li>

  2130. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers">2.3.3. Reserved classes of identifiers</a></li>

  2131. </ul>

  2132. </li>

  2133. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#literals">2.4. Literals</a><ul>

  2134. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-and-bytes-literals">2.4.1. String and Bytes literals</a><ul>

  2135. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#escape-sequences">2.4.1.1. Escape sequences</a></li>

  2136. </ul>

  2137. </li>

  2138. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation">2.4.2. String literal concatenation</a></li>

  2139. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#formatted-string-literals">2.4.3. f-strings</a></li>

  2140. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#numeric-literals">2.4.4. Numeric literals</a></li>

  2141. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#integer-literals">2.4.5. Integer literals</a></li>

  2142. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#floating-point-literals">2.4.6. Floating point literals</a></li>

  2143. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#imaginary-literals">2.4.7. Imaginary literals</a></li>

  2144. </ul>

  2145. </li>

  2146. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators">2.5. Operators</a></li>

  2147. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters">2.6. Delimiters</a></li>

  2148. </ul>

  2149. </li>

  2150. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html">3. Data model</a><ul>

  2151. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#objects-values-and-types">3.1. Objects, values and types</a></li>

  2152. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy">3.2. The standard type hierarchy</a><ul>

  2153. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#none">3.2.1. None</a></li>

  2154. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#notimplemented">3.2.2. NotImplemented</a></li>

  2155. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#ellipsis">3.2.3. Ellipsis</a></li>

  2156. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-number">3.2.4. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers.Number</span></code></a><ul>

  2157. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-integral">3.2.4.1. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers.Integral</span></code></a></li>

  2158. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-real-float">3.2.4.2. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers.Real</span></code> (<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>)</a></li>

  2159. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#numbers-complex-complex">3.2.4.3. <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers.Complex</span></code> (<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code>)</a></li>

  2160. </ul>

  2161. </li>

  2162. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#sequences">3.2.5. Sequences</a><ul>

  2163. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#immutable-sequences">3.2.5.1. Immutable sequences</a></li>

  2164. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#mutable-sequences">3.2.5.2. Mutable sequences</a></li>

  2165. </ul>

  2166. </li>

  2167. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#set-types">3.2.6. Set types</a></li>

  2168. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#mappings">3.2.7. Mappings</a><ul>

  2169. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#dictionaries">3.2.7.1. Dictionaries</a></li>

  2170. </ul>

  2171. </li>

  2172. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#callable-types">3.2.8. Callable types</a><ul>

  2173. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#user-defined-functions">3.2.8.1. User-defined functions</a><ul>

  2174. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-read-only-attributes">3.2.8.1.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li>

  2175. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-writable-attributes">3.2.8.1.2. Special writable attributes</a></li>

  2176. </ul>

  2177. </li>

  2178. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#instance-methods">3.2.8.2. Instance methods</a></li>

  2179. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#generator-functions">3.2.8.3. Generator functions</a></li>

  2180. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutine-functions">3.2.8.4. Coroutine functions</a></li>

  2181. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-generator-functions">3.2.8.5. Asynchronous generator functions</a></li>

  2182. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#built-in-functions">3.2.8.6. Built-in functions</a></li>

  2183. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#built-in-methods">3.2.8.7. Built-in methods</a></li>

  2184. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#classes">3.2.8.8. Classes</a></li>

  2185. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#class-instances">3.2.8.9. Class Instances</a></li>

  2186. </ul>

  2187. </li>

  2188. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#modules">3.2.9. Modules</a></li>

  2189. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#custom-classes">3.2.10. Custom classes</a></li>

  2190. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#id3">3.2.11. Class instances</a></li>

  2191. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#i-o-objects-also-known-as-file-objects">3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)</a></li>

  2192. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#internal-types">3.2.13. Internal types</a><ul>

  2193. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#code-objects">3.2.13.1. Code objects</a><ul>

  2194. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#index-58">3.2.13.1.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li>

  2195. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#methods-on-code-objects">3.2.13.1.2. Methods on code objects</a></li>

  2196. </ul>

  2197. </li>

  2198. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#frame-objects">3.2.13.2. Frame objects</a><ul>

  2199. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#index-64">3.2.13.2.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li>

  2200. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#index-65">3.2.13.2.2. Special writable attributes</a></li>

  2201. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#frame-object-methods">3.2.13.2.3. Frame object methods</a></li>

  2202. </ul>

  2203. </li>

  2204. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#traceback-objects">3.2.13.3. Traceback objects</a></li>

  2205. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#slice-objects">3.2.13.4. Slice objects</a></li>

  2206. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#static-method-objects">3.2.13.5. Static method objects</a></li>

  2207. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#class-method-objects">3.2.13.6. Class method objects</a></li>

  2208. </ul>

  2209. </li>

  2210. </ul>

  2211. </li>

  2212. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names">3.3. Special method names</a><ul>

  2213. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#basic-customization">3.3.1. Basic customization</a></li>

  2214. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-attribute-access">3.3.2. Customizing attribute access</a><ul>

  2215. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-module-attribute-access">3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access</a></li>

  2216. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#implementing-descriptors">3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors</a></li>

  2217. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#invoking-descriptors">3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors</a></li>

  2218. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#slots">3.3.2.4. __slots__</a></li>

  2219. </ul>

  2220. </li>

  2221. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-class-creation">3.3.3. Customizing class creation</a><ul>

  2222. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#metaclasses">3.3.3.1. Metaclasses</a></li>

  2223. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#resolving-mro-entries">3.3.3.2. Resolving MRO entries</a></li>

  2224. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#determining-the-appropriate-metaclass">3.3.3.3. Determining the appropriate metaclass</a></li>

  2225. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#preparing-the-class-namespace">3.3.3.4. Preparing the class namespace</a></li>

  2226. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#executing-the-class-body">3.3.3.5. Executing the class body</a></li>

  2227. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#creating-the-class-object">3.3.3.6. Creating the class object</a></li>

  2228. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#uses-for-metaclasses">3.3.3.7. Uses for metaclasses</a></li>

  2229. </ul>

  2230. </li>

  2231. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-instance-and-subclass-checks">3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks</a></li>

  2232. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-generic-types">3.3.5. Emulating generic types</a><ul>

  2233. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#the-purpose-of-class-getitem">3.3.5.1. The purpose of <em>__class_getitem__</em></a></li>

  2234. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#class-getitem-versus-getitem">3.3.5.2. <em>__class_getitem__</em> versus <em>__getitem__</em></a></li>

  2235. </ul>

  2236. </li>

  2237. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-callable-objects">3.3.6. Emulating callable objects</a></li>

  2238. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types">3.3.7. Emulating container types</a></li>

  2239. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-numeric-types">3.3.8. Emulating numeric types</a></li>

  2240. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#with-statement-context-managers">3.3.9. With Statement Context Managers</a></li>

  2241. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-positional-arguments-in-class-pattern-matching">3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching</a></li>

  2242. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-buffer-types">3.3.11. Emulating buffer types</a></li>

  2243. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup">3.3.12. Special method lookup</a></li>

  2244. </ul>

  2245. </li>

  2246. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutines">3.4. Coroutines</a><ul>

  2247. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#awaitable-objects">3.4.1. Awaitable Objects</a></li>

  2248. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#coroutine-objects">3.4.2. Coroutine Objects</a></li>

  2249. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-iterators">3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators</a></li>

  2250. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#asynchronous-context-managers">3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers</a></li>

  2251. </ul>

  2252. </li>

  2253. </ul>

  2254. </li>

  2255. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html">4. Execution model</a><ul>

  2256. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#structure-of-a-program">4.1. Structure of a program</a></li>

  2257. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#naming-and-binding">4.2. Naming and binding</a><ul>

  2258. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#binding-of-names">4.2.1. Binding of names</a></li>

  2259. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#resolution-of-names">4.2.2. Resolution of names</a></li>

  2260. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#annotation-scopes">4.2.3. Annotation scopes</a></li>

  2261. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#lazy-evaluation">4.2.4. Lazy evaluation</a></li>

  2262. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#builtins-and-restricted-execution">4.2.5. Builtins and restricted execution</a></li>

  2263. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#interaction-with-dynamic-features">4.2.6. Interaction with dynamic features</a></li>

  2264. </ul>

  2265. </li>

  2266. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#exceptions">4.3. Exceptions</a></li>

  2267. </ul>

  2268. </li>

  2269. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html">5. The import system</a><ul>

  2270. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#importlib">5.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code></a></li>

  2271. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#packages">5.2. Packages</a><ul>

  2272. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#regular-packages">5.2.1. Regular packages</a></li>

  2273. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#namespace-packages">5.2.2. Namespace packages</a></li>

  2274. </ul>

  2275. </li>

  2276. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#searching">5.3. Searching</a><ul>

  2277. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-module-cache">5.3.1. The module cache</a></li>

  2278. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#finders-and-loaders">5.3.2. Finders and loaders</a></li>

  2279. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#import-hooks">5.3.3. Import hooks</a></li>

  2280. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-meta-path">5.3.4. The meta path</a></li>

  2281. </ul>

  2282. </li>

  2283. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#loading">5.4. Loading</a><ul>

  2284. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#loaders">5.4.1. Loaders</a></li>

  2285. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#submodules">5.4.2. Submodules</a></li>

  2286. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-spec">5.4.3. Module spec</a></li>

  2287. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#import-related-module-attributes">5.4.4. Import-related module attributes</a></li>

  2288. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-path">5.4.5. module.__path__</a></li>

  2289. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-reprs">5.4.6. Module reprs</a></li>

  2290. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#cached-bytecode-invalidation">5.4.7. Cached bytecode invalidation</a></li>

  2291. </ul>

  2292. </li>

  2293. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-path-based-finder">5.5. The Path Based Finder</a><ul>

  2294. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finders">5.5.1. Path entry finders</a></li>

  2295. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finder-protocol">5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol</a></li>

  2296. </ul>

  2297. </li>

  2298. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#replacing-the-standard-import-system">5.6. Replacing the standard import system</a></li>

  2299. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#package-relative-imports">5.7. Package Relative Imports</a></li>

  2300. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#special-considerations-for-main">5.8. Special considerations for __main__</a><ul>

  2301. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#main-spec">5.8.1. __main__.__spec__</a></li>

  2302. </ul>

  2303. </li>

  2304. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#references">5.9. References</a></li>

  2305. </ul>

  2306. </li>

  2307. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html">6. Expressions</a><ul>

  2308. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#arithmetic-conversions">6.1. Arithmetic conversions</a></li>

  2309. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atoms">6.2. Atoms</a><ul>

  2310. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers">6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)</a></li>

  2311. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#literals">6.2.2. Literals</a></li>

  2312. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#parenthesized-forms">6.2.3. Parenthesized forms</a></li>

  2313. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#displays-for-lists-sets-and-dictionaries">6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries</a></li>

  2314. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#list-displays">6.2.5. List displays</a></li>

  2315. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#set-displays">6.2.6. Set displays</a></li>

  2316. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#dictionary-displays">6.2.7. Dictionary displays</a></li>

  2317. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-expressions">6.2.8. Generator expressions</a></li>

  2318. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#yield-expressions">6.2.9. Yield expressions</a><ul>

  2319. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods</a></li>

  2320. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#examples">6.2.9.2. Examples</a></li>

  2321. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#asynchronous-generator-functions">6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions</a></li>

  2322. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#asynchronous-generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods</a></li>

  2323. </ul>

  2324. </li>

  2325. </ul>

  2326. </li>

  2327. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#primaries">6.3. Primaries</a><ul>

  2328. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#attribute-references">6.3.1. Attribute references</a></li>

  2329. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#subscriptions">6.3.2. Subscriptions</a></li>

  2330. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#slicings">6.3.3. Slicings</a></li>

  2331. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#calls">6.3.4. Calls</a></li>

  2332. </ul>

  2333. </li>

  2334. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#await-expression">6.4. Await expression</a></li>

  2335. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#the-power-operator">6.5. The power operator</a></li>

  2336. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations">6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations</a></li>

  2337. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-arithmetic-operations">6.7. Binary arithmetic operations</a></li>

  2338. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#shifting-operations">6.8. Shifting operations</a></li>

  2339. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations">6.9. Binary bitwise operations</a></li>

  2340. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#comparisons">6.10. Comparisons</a><ul>

  2341. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#value-comparisons">6.10.1. Value comparisons</a></li>

  2342. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#membership-test-operations">6.10.2. Membership test operations</a></li>

  2343. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#is-not">6.10.3. Identity comparisons</a></li>

  2344. </ul>

  2345. </li>

  2346. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#boolean-operations">6.11. Boolean operations</a></li>

  2347. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#assignment-expressions">6.12. Assignment expressions</a></li>

  2348. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#conditional-expressions">6.13. Conditional expressions</a></li>

  2349. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#lambda">6.14. Lambdas</a></li>

  2350. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#expression-lists">6.15. Expression lists</a></li>

  2351. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order">6.16. Evaluation order</a></li>

  2352. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence">6.17. Operator precedence</a></li>

  2353. </ul>

  2354. </li>

  2355. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html">7. Simple statements</a><ul>

  2356. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#expression-statements">7.1. Expression statements</a></li>

  2357. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements">7.2. Assignment statements</a><ul>

  2358. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#augmented-assignment-statements">7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements</a></li>

  2359. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#annotated-assignment-statements">7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements</a></li>

  2360. </ul>

  2361. </li>

  2362. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-assert-statement">7.3. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">assert</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2363. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-pass-statement">7.4. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2364. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-del-statement">7.5. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2365. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement">7.6. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2366. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">7.7. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2367. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement">7.8. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2368. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-break-statement">7.9. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2369. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-continue-statement">7.10. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2370. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement">7.11. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> statement</a><ul>

  2371. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#future-statements">7.11.1. Future statements</a></li>

  2372. </ul>

  2373. </li>

  2374. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement">7.12. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">global</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2375. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-nonlocal-statement">7.13. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nonlocal</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2376. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-type-statement">7.14. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2377. </ul>

  2378. </li>

  2379. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html">8. Compound statements</a><ul>

  2380. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement">8.1. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2381. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement">8.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">while</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2382. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-for-statement">8.3. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2383. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement">8.4. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code> statement</a><ul>

  2384. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#except-clause">8.4.1. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span></code> clause</a></li>

  2385. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#except-star">8.4.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except*</span></code> clause</a></li>

  2386. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#else-clause">8.4.3. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> clause</a></li>

  2387. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#finally-clause">8.4.4. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code> clause</a></li>

  2388. </ul>

  2389. </li>

  2390. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement">8.5. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2391. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-match-statement">8.6. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">match</span></code> statement</a><ul>

  2392. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#overview">8.6.1. Overview</a></li>

  2393. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#guards">8.6.2. Guards</a></li>

  2394. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#irrefutable-case-blocks">8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks</a></li>

  2395. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#patterns">8.6.4. Patterns</a><ul>

  2396. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#or-patterns">8.6.4.1. OR Patterns</a></li>

  2397. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#as-patterns">8.6.4.2. AS Patterns</a></li>

  2398. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#literal-patterns">8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns</a></li>

  2399. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#capture-patterns">8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns</a></li>

  2400. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#wildcard-patterns">8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns</a></li>

  2401. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#value-patterns">8.6.4.6. Value Patterns</a></li>

  2402. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#group-patterns">8.6.4.7. Group Patterns</a></li>

  2403. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#sequence-patterns">8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns</a></li>

  2404. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#mapping-patterns">8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns</a></li>

  2405. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#class-patterns">8.6.4.10. Class Patterns</a></li>

  2406. </ul>

  2407. </li>

  2408. </ul>

  2409. </li>

  2410. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions">8.7. Function definitions</a></li>

  2411. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#class-definitions">8.8. Class definitions</a></li>

  2412. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutines">8.9. Coroutines</a><ul>

  2413. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#coroutine-function-definition">8.9.1. Coroutine function definition</a></li>

  2414. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-for-statement">8.9.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">for</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2415. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-async-with-statement">8.9.3. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>

  2416. </ul>

  2417. </li>

  2418. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#type-parameter-lists">8.10. Type parameter lists</a><ul>

  2419. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#generic-functions">8.10.1. Generic functions</a></li>

  2420. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#generic-classes">8.10.2. Generic classes</a></li>

  2421. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#generic-type-aliases">8.10.3. Generic type aliases</a></li>

  2422. </ul>

  2423. </li>

  2424. </ul>

  2425. </li>

  2426. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html">9. Top-level components</a><ul>

  2427. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#complete-python-programs">9.1. Complete Python programs</a></li>

  2428. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#file-input">9.2. File input</a></li>

  2429. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#interactive-input">9.3. Interactive input</a></li>

  2430. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#expression-input">9.4. Expression input</a></li>

  2431. </ul>

  2432. </li>

  2433. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/grammar.html">10. Full Grammar specification</a></li>

  2434. </ul>

  2435. </li>

  2436. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="library/index.html">The Python Standard Library</a><ul>

  2437. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul>

  2438. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html#notes-on-availability">Notes on availability</a><ul>

  2439. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html#webassembly-platforms">WebAssembly platforms</a></li>

  2440. </ul>

  2441. </li>

  2442. </ul>

  2443. </li>

  2444. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functions.html">Built-in Functions</a></li>

  2445. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html">Built-in Constants</a><ul>

  2446. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">Constants added by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> module</a></li>

  2447. </ul>

  2448. </li>

  2449. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html">Built-in Types</a><ul>

  2450. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">Truth Value Testing</a></li>

  2451. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">Boolean Operations — <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and</span></code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or</span></code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a></li>

  2452. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li>

  2453. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex">Numeric Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></a><ul>

  2454. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types">Bitwise Operations on Integer Types</a></li>

  2455. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-integer-types">Additional Methods on Integer Types</a></li>

  2456. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-float">Additional Methods on Float</a></li>

  2457. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#hashing-of-numeric-types">Hashing of numeric types</a></li>

  2458. </ul>

  2459. </li>

  2460. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-type-bool">Boolean Type - <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bool</span></code></a></li>

  2461. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types">Iterator Types</a><ul>

  2462. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#generator-types">Generator Types</a></li>

  2463. </ul>

  2464. </li>

  2465. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range</span></code></a><ul>

  2466. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#common-sequence-operations">Common Sequence Operations</a></li>

  2467. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#immutable-sequence-types">Immutable Sequence Types</a></li>

  2468. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mutable-sequence-types">Mutable Sequence Types</a></li>

  2469. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#lists">Lists</a></li>

  2470. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#tuples">Tuples</a></li>

  2471. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#ranges">Ranges</a></li>

  2472. </ul>

  2473. </li>

  2474. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str">Text Sequence Type — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a><ul>

  2475. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li>

  2476. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code>-style String Formatting</a></li>

  2477. </ul>

  2478. </li>

  2479. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">Binary Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a><ul>

  2480. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes-objects">Bytes Objects</a></li>

  2481. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytearray-objects">Bytearray Objects</a></li>

  2482. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes-and-bytearray-operations">Bytes and Bytearray Operations</a></li>

  2483. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-bytes-formatting"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code>-style Bytes Formatting</a></li>

  2484. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#memory-views">Memory Views</a></li>

  2485. </ul>

  2486. </li>

  2487. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">Set Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a></li>

  2488. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">Mapping Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a><ul>

  2489. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#dictionary-view-objects">Dictionary view objects</a></li>

  2490. </ul>

  2491. </li>

  2492. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">Context Manager Types</a></li>

  2493. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#type-annotation-types-generic-alias-union">Type Annotation Types — <span class="xref std std-ref">Generic Alias</span>, <span class="xref std std-ref">Union</span></a><ul>

  2494. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#generic-alias-type">Generic Alias Type</a><ul>

  2495. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#standard-generic-classes">Standard Generic Classes</a></li>

  2496. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes-of-genericalias-objects">Special Attributes of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GenericAlias</span></code> objects</a></li>

  2497. </ul>

  2498. </li>

  2499. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#union-type">Union Type</a></li>

  2500. </ul>

  2501. </li>

  2502. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">Other Built-in Types</a><ul>

  2503. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#modules">Modules</a></li>

  2504. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#classes-and-class-instances">Classes and Class Instances</a></li>

  2505. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  2506. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#methods">Methods</a></li>

  2507. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#code-objects">Code Objects</a></li>

  2508. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#type-objects">Type Objects</a></li>

  2509. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-null-object">The Null Object</a></li>

  2510. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-ellipsis-object">The Ellipsis Object</a></li>

  2511. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-notimplemented-object">The NotImplemented Object</a></li>

  2512. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#internal-objects">Internal Objects</a></li>

  2513. </ul>

  2514. </li>

  2515. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes">Special Attributes</a></li>

  2516. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#integer-string-conversion-length-limitation">Integer string conversion length limitation</a><ul>

  2517. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#affected-apis">Affected APIs</a></li>

  2518. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#configuring-the-limit">Configuring the limit</a></li>

  2519. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#recommended-configuration">Recommended configuration</a></li>

  2520. </ul>

  2521. </li>

  2522. </ul>

  2523. </li>

  2524. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html">Built-in Exceptions</a><ul>

  2525. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-context">Exception context</a></li>

  2526. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#inheriting-from-built-in-exceptions">Inheriting from built-in exceptions</a></li>

  2527. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#base-classes">Base classes</a></li>

  2528. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions">Concrete exceptions</a><ul>

  2529. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#os-exceptions">OS exceptions</a></li>

  2530. </ul>

  2531. </li>

  2532. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#warnings">Warnings</a></li>

  2533. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-groups">Exception groups</a></li>

  2534. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">Exception hierarchy</a></li>

  2535. </ul>

  2536. </li>

  2537. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/text.html">Text Processing Services</a><ul>

  2538. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code> — Common string operations</a><ul>

  2539. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#string-constants">String constants</a></li>

  2540. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#custom-string-formatting">Custom String Formatting</a></li>

  2541. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-string-syntax">Format String Syntax</a><ul>

  2542. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language">Format Specification Mini-Language</a></li>

  2543. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-examples">Format examples</a></li>

  2544. </ul>

  2545. </li>

  2546. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#template-strings">Template strings</a></li>

  2547. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#helper-functions">Helper functions</a></li>

  2548. </ul>

  2549. </li>

  2550. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> — Regular expression operations</a><ul>

  2551. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-syntax">Regular Expression Syntax</a></li>

  2552. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a><ul>

  2553. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#flags">Flags</a></li>

  2554. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  2555. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  2556. </ul>

  2557. </li>

  2558. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-objects">Regular Expression Objects</a></li>

  2559. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#match-objects">Match Objects</a></li>

  2560. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-examples">Regular Expression Examples</a><ul>

  2561. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#checking-for-a-pair">Checking for a Pair</a></li>

  2562. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#simulating-scanf">Simulating scanf()</a></li>

  2563. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#search-vs-match">search() vs. match()</a></li>

  2564. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#making-a-phonebook">Making a Phonebook</a></li>

  2565. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#text-munging">Text Munging</a></li>

  2566. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs">Finding all Adverbs</a></li>

  2567. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions">Finding all Adverbs and their Positions</a></li>

  2568. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#raw-string-notation">Raw String Notation</a></li>

  2569. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#writing-a-tokenizer">Writing a Tokenizer</a></li>

  2570. </ul>

  2571. </li>

  2572. </ul>

  2573. </li>

  2574. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a><ul>

  2575. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-objects">SequenceMatcher Objects</a></li>

  2576. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-examples">SequenceMatcher Examples</a></li>

  2577. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-objects">Differ Objects</a></li>

  2578. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-example">Differ Example</a></li>

  2579. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#a-command-line-interface-to-difflib">A command-line interface to difflib</a></li>

  2580. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#ndiff-example">ndiff example</a></li>

  2581. </ul>

  2582. </li>

  2583. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/textwrap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li>

  2584. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unicodedata.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code> — Unicode Database</a></li>

  2585. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringprep.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li>

  2586. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a><ul>

  2587. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#init-file">Init file</a></li>

  2588. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#line-buffer">Line buffer</a></li>

  2589. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-file">History file</a></li>

  2590. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#history-list">History list</a></li>

  2591. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#startup-hooks">Startup hooks</a></li>

  2592. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#completion">Completion</a></li>

  2593. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#example">Example</a></li>

  2594. </ul>

  2595. </li>

  2596. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li>

  2597. </ul>

  2598. </li>

  2599. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binary.html">Binary Data Services</a><ul>

  2600. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a><ul>

  2601. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#functions-and-exceptions">Functions and Exceptions</a></li>

  2602. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-strings">Format Strings</a><ul>

  2603. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#byte-order-size-and-alignment">Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a></li>

  2604. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-characters">Format Characters</a></li>

  2605. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  2606. </ul>

  2607. </li>

  2608. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#applications">Applications</a><ul>

  2609. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#native-formats">Native Formats</a></li>

  2610. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#standard-formats">Standard Formats</a></li>

  2611. </ul>

  2612. </li>

  2613. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#classes">Classes</a></li>

  2614. </ul>

  2615. </li>

  2616. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a><ul>

  2617. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes">Codec Base Classes</a><ul>

  2618. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#error-handlers">Error Handlers</a></li>

  2619. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#stateless-encoding-and-decoding">Stateless Encoding and Decoding</a></li>

  2620. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incremental-encoding-and-decoding">Incremental Encoding and Decoding</a><ul>

  2621. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementalencoder-objects">IncrementalEncoder Objects</a></li>

  2622. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementaldecoder-objects">IncrementalDecoder Objects</a></li>

  2623. </ul>

  2624. </li>

  2625. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#stream-encoding-and-decoding">Stream Encoding and Decoding</a><ul>

  2626. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamwriter-objects">StreamWriter Objects</a></li>

  2627. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreader-objects">StreamReader Objects</a></li>

  2628. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreaderwriter-objects">StreamReaderWriter Objects</a></li>

  2629. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamrecoder-objects">StreamRecoder Objects</a></li>

  2630. </ul>

  2631. </li>

  2632. </ul>

  2633. </li>

  2634. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#encodings-and-unicode">Encodings and Unicode</a></li>

  2635. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#standard-encodings">Standard Encodings</a></li>

  2636. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#python-specific-encodings">Python Specific Encodings</a><ul>

  2637. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#text-encodings">Text Encodings</a></li>

  2638. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#binary-transforms">Binary Transforms</a></li>

  2639. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#text-transforms">Text Transforms</a></li>

  2640. </ul>

  2641. </li>

  2642. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encodings.idna</span></code> — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a></li>

  2643. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.mbcs"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encodings.mbcs</span></code> — Windows ANSI codepage</a></li>

  2644. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encodings.utf_8_sig</span></code> — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</a></li>

  2645. </ul>

  2646. </li>

  2647. </ul>

  2648. </li>

  2649. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datatypes.html">Data Types</a><ul>

  2650. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — Basic date and time types</a><ul>

  2651. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#aware-and-naive-objects">Aware and Naive Objects</a></li>

  2652. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  2653. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#available-types">Available Types</a><ul>

  2654. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#common-properties">Common Properties</a></li>

  2655. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#determining-if-an-object-is-aware-or-naive">Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive</a></li>

  2656. </ul>

  2657. </li>

  2658. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></code> Objects</a><ul>

  2659. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-timedelta">Examples of usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></code></a></li>

  2660. </ul>

  2661. </li>

  2662. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#date-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> Objects</a><ul>

  2663. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-date">Examples of Usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></a></li>

  2664. </ul>

  2665. </li>

  2666. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#datetime-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> Objects</a><ul>

  2667. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-datetime">Examples of Usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code></a></li>

  2668. </ul>

  2669. </li>

  2670. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#time-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> Objects</a><ul>

  2671. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#examples-of-usage-time">Examples of Usage: <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a></li>

  2672. </ul>

  2673. </li>

  2674. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></code> Objects</a></li>

  2675. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timezone-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timezone</span></code> Objects</a></li>

  2676. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strftime()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strptime()</span></code> Behavior</a><ul>

  2677. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-format-codes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strftime()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strptime()</span></code> Format Codes</a></li>

  2678. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#technical-detail">Technical Detail</a></li>

  2679. </ul>

  2680. </li>

  2681. </ul>

  2682. </li>

  2683. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zoneinfo</span></code> — IANA time zone support</a><ul>

  2684. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#using-zoneinfo">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ZoneInfo</span></code></a></li>

  2685. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#data-sources">Data sources</a><ul>

  2686. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#configuring-the-data-sources">Configuring the data sources</a><ul>

  2687. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#compile-time-configuration">Compile-time configuration</a></li>

  2688. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#environment-configuration">Environment configuration</a></li>

  2689. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#runtime-configuration">Runtime configuration</a></li>

  2690. </ul>

  2691. </li>

  2692. </ul>

  2693. </li>

  2694. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#the-zoneinfo-class">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ZoneInfo</span></code> class</a><ul>

  2695. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#string-representations">String representations</a></li>

  2696. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#pickle-serialization">Pickle serialization</a></li>

  2697. </ul>

  2698. </li>

  2699. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  2700. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#globals">Globals</a></li>

  2701. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo.html#exceptions-and-warnings">Exceptions and warnings</a></li>

  2702. </ul>

  2703. </li>

  2704. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — General calendar-related functions</a><ul>

  2705. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li>

  2706. </ul>

  2707. </li>

  2708. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — Container datatypes</a><ul>

  2709. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></code> objects</a><ul>

  2710. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-examples-and-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></code> Examples and Recipes</a></li>

  2711. </ul>

  2712. </li>

  2713. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#counter-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Counter</span></code> objects</a></li>

  2714. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> objects</a><ul>

  2715. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deque</span></code> Recipes</a></li>

  2716. </ul>

  2717. </li>

  2718. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> objects</a><ul>

  2719. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-examples"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></code> Examples</a></li>

  2720. </ul>

  2721. </li>

  2722. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code> Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields</a></li>

  2723. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> objects</a><ul>

  2724. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code> Examples and Recipes</a></li>

  2725. </ul>

  2726. </li>

  2727. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userdict-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> objects</a></li>

  2728. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userlist-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code> objects</a></li>

  2729. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userstring-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code> objects</a></li>

  2730. </ul>

  2731. </li>

  2732. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a><ul>

  2733. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes">Collections Abstract Base Classes</a></li>

  2734. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes-detailed-descriptions">Collections Abstract Base Classes – Detailed Descriptions</a></li>

  2735. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a></li>

  2736. </ul>

  2737. </li>

  2738. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — Heap queue algorithm</a><ul>

  2739. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li>

  2740. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#priority-queue-implementation-notes">Priority Queue Implementation Notes</a></li>

  2741. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#theory">Theory</a></li>

  2742. </ul>

  2743. </li>

  2744. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — Array bisection algorithm</a><ul>

  2745. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#performance-notes">Performance Notes</a></li>

  2746. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#searching-sorted-lists">Searching Sorted Lists</a></li>

  2747. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  2748. </ul>

  2749. </li>

  2750. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/array.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li>

  2751. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a><ul>

  2752. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#weak-reference-objects">Weak Reference Objects</a></li>

  2753. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#example">Example</a></li>

  2754. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#finalizer-objects">Finalizer Objects</a></li>

  2755. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#comparing-finalizers-with-del-methods">Comparing finalizers with <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__del__()</span></code> methods</a></li>

  2756. </ul>

  2757. </li>

  2758. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul>

  2759. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#dynamic-type-creation">Dynamic Type Creation</a></li>

  2760. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#standard-interpreter-types">Standard Interpreter Types</a></li>

  2761. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#additional-utility-classes-and-functions">Additional Utility Classes and Functions</a></li>

  2762. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#coroutine-utility-functions">Coroutine Utility Functions</a></li>

  2763. </ul>

  2764. </li>

  2765. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li>

  2766. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a><ul>

  2767. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  2768. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#prettyprinter-objects">PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li>

  2769. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#example">Example</a></li>

  2770. </ul>

  2771. </li>

  2772. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reprlib</span></code> — Alternate <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a><ul>

  2773. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#repr-objects">Repr Objects</a></li>

  2774. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#subclassing-repr-objects">Subclassing Repr Objects</a></li>

  2775. </ul>

  2776. </li>

  2777. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enum</span></code> — Support for enumerations</a><ul>

  2778. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li>

  2779. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#data-types">Data Types</a><ul>

  2780. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#supported-dunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dunder__</span></code> names</a></li>

  2781. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#supported-sunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_sunder_</span></code> names</a></li>

  2782. </ul>

  2783. </li>

  2784. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#utilities-and-decorators">Utilities and Decorators</a></li>

  2785. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum.html#notes">Notes</a></li>

  2786. </ul>

  2787. </li>

  2788. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/graphlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">graphlib</span></code> — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures</a><ul>

  2789. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/graphlib.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  2790. </ul>

  2791. </li>

  2792. </ul>

  2793. </li>

  2794. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numeric.html">Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul>

  2795. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a><ul>

  2796. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#the-numeric-tower">The numeric tower</a></li>

  2797. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#notes-for-type-implementors">Notes for type implementors</a><ul>

  2798. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs">Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li>

  2799. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations">Implementing the arithmetic operations</a></li>

  2800. </ul>

  2801. </li>

  2802. </ul>

  2803. </li>

  2804. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a><ul>

  2805. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#number-theoretic-and-representation-functions">Number-theoretic and representation functions</a></li>

  2806. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>

  2807. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li>

  2808. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#angular-conversion">Angular conversion</a></li>

  2809. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li>

  2810. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#special-functions">Special functions</a></li>

  2811. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  2812. </ul>

  2813. </li>

  2814. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul>

  2815. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li>

  2816. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>

  2817. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li>

  2818. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li>

  2819. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#classification-functions">Classification functions</a></li>

  2820. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  2821. </ul>

  2822. </li>

  2823. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a><ul>

  2824. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#quick-start-tutorial">Quick-start Tutorial</a></li>

  2825. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-objects">Decimal objects</a><ul>

  2826. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#logical-operands">Logical operands</a></li>

  2827. </ul>

  2828. </li>

  2829. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#context-objects">Context objects</a></li>

  2830. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  2831. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#rounding-modes">Rounding modes</a></li>

  2832. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#signals">Signals</a></li>

  2833. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#floating-point-notes">Floating Point Notes</a><ul>

  2834. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li>

  2835. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#special-values">Special values</a></li>

  2836. </ul>

  2837. </li>

  2838. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#working-with-threads">Working with threads</a></li>

  2839. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#recipes">Recipes</a></li>

  2840. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-faq">Decimal FAQ</a></li>

  2841. </ul>

  2842. </li>

  2843. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fractions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li>

  2844. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a><ul>

  2845. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#bookkeeping-functions">Bookkeeping functions</a></li>

  2846. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#functions-for-bytes">Functions for bytes</a></li>

  2847. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#functions-for-integers">Functions for integers</a></li>

  2848. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#functions-for-sequences">Functions for sequences</a></li>

  2849. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#discrete-distributions">Discrete distributions</a></li>

  2850. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#real-valued-distributions">Real-valued distributions</a></li>

  2851. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#alternative-generator">Alternative Generator</a></li>

  2852. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#notes-on-reproducibility">Notes on Reproducibility</a></li>

  2853. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  2854. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#recipes">Recipes</a></li>

  2855. </ul>

  2856. </li>

  2857. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statistics</span></code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a><ul>

  2858. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#averages-and-measures-of-central-location">Averages and measures of central location</a></li>

  2859. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#measures-of-spread">Measures of spread</a></li>

  2860. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#statistics-for-relations-between-two-inputs">Statistics for relations between two inputs</a></li>

  2861. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#function-details">Function details</a></li>

  2862. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  2863. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#normaldist-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NormalDist</span></code> objects</a></li>

  2864. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a><ul>

  2865. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#classic-probability-problems">Classic probability problems</a></li>

  2866. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#monte-carlo-inputs-for-simulations">Monte Carlo inputs for simulations</a></li>

  2867. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#approximating-binomial-distributions">Approximating binomial distributions</a></li>

  2868. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#naive-bayesian-classifier">Naive bayesian classifier</a></li>

  2869. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics.html#kernel-density-estimation">Kernel density estimation</a></li>

  2870. </ul>

  2871. </li>

  2872. </ul>

  2873. </li>

  2874. </ul>

  2875. </li>

  2876. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functional.html">Functional Programming Modules</a><ul>

  2877. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools</span></code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a><ul>

  2878. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertool-functions">Itertool Functions</a></li>

  2879. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertools-recipes">Itertools Recipes</a></li>

  2880. </ul>

  2881. </li>

  2882. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a><ul>

  2883. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html#partial-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">partial</span></code> Objects</a></li>

  2884. </ul>

  2885. </li>

  2886. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>

  2887. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#mapping-operators-to-functions">Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>

  2888. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#in-place-operators">In-place Operators</a></li>

  2889. </ul>

  2890. </li>

  2891. </ul>

  2892. </li>

  2893. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filesys.html">File and Directory Access</a><ul>

  2894. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a><ul>

  2895. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#basic-use">Basic use</a></li>

  2896. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#pure-paths">Pure paths</a><ul>

  2897. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#general-properties">General properties</a></li>

  2898. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#operators">Operators</a></li>

  2899. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#accessing-individual-parts">Accessing individual parts</a></li>

  2900. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#methods-and-properties">Methods and properties</a></li>

  2901. </ul>

  2902. </li>

  2903. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#concrete-paths">Concrete paths</a><ul>

  2904. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#methods">Methods</a></li>

  2905. </ul>

  2906. </li>

  2907. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib.html#correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module">Correspondence to tools in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> module</a></li>

  2908. </ul>

  2909. </li>

  2910. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.path.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li>

  2911. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileinput.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li>

  2912. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat</span></code> — Interpreting <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat()</span></code> results</a></li>

  2913. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a><ul>

  2914. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html#the-dircmp-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></code> class</a></li>

  2915. </ul>

  2916. </li>

  2917. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a><ul>

  2918. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  2919. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html#deprecated-functions-and-variables">Deprecated functions and variables</a></li>

  2920. </ul>

  2921. </li>

  2922. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/glob.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li>

  2923. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fnmatch.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li>

  2924. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/linecache.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code> — Random access to text lines</a></li>

  2925. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shutil</span></code> — High-level file operations</a><ul>

  2926. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#directory-and-files-operations">Directory and files operations</a><ul>

  2927. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations">Platform-dependent efficient copy operations</a></li>

  2928. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#copytree-example">copytree example</a></li>

  2929. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#rmtree-example">rmtree example</a></li>

  2930. </ul>

  2931. </li>

  2932. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-operations">Archiving operations</a><ul>

  2933. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-example">Archiving example</a></li>

  2934. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-example-with-base-dir">Archiving example with <em>base_dir</em></a></li>

  2935. </ul>

  2936. </li>

  2937. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal">Querying the size of the output terminal</a></li>

  2938. </ul>

  2939. </li>

  2940. </ul>

  2941. </li>

  2942. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/persistence.html">Data Persistence</a><ul>

  2943. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> — Python object serialization</a><ul>

  2944. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#relationship-to-other-python-modules">Relationship to other Python modules</a><ul>

  2945. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#comparison-with-marshal">Comparison with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code></a></li>

  2946. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#comparison-with-json">Comparison with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li>

  2947. </ul>

  2948. </li>

  2949. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#data-stream-format">Data stream format</a></li>

  2950. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#module-interface">Module Interface</a></li>

  2951. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#what-can-be-pickled-and-unpickled">What can be pickled and unpickled?</a></li>

  2952. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances">Pickling Class Instances</a><ul>

  2953. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#persistence-of-external-objects">Persistence of External Objects</a></li>

  2954. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#dispatch-tables">Dispatch Tables</a></li>

  2955. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#handling-stateful-objects">Handling Stateful Objects</a></li>

  2956. </ul>

  2957. </li>

  2958. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#custom-reduction-for-types-functions-and-other-objects">Custom Reduction for Types, Functions, and Other Objects</a></li>

  2959. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#out-of-band-buffers">Out-of-band Buffers</a><ul>

  2960. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#provider-api">Provider API</a></li>

  2961. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#consumer-api">Consumer API</a></li>

  2962. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#example">Example</a></li>

  2963. </ul>

  2964. </li>

  2965. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#restricting-globals">Restricting Globals</a></li>

  2966. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#performance">Performance</a></li>

  2967. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  2968. </ul>

  2969. </li>

  2970. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></code> — Register <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> support functions</a><ul>

  2971. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg.html#example">Example</a></li>

  2972. </ul>

  2973. </li>

  2974. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code> — Python object persistence</a><ul>

  2975. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#restrictions">Restrictions</a></li>

  2976. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#example">Example</a></li>

  2977. </ul>

  2978. </li>

  2979. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/marshal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li>

  2980. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm</span></code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a><ul>

  2981. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.gnu"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm.gnu</span></code> — GNU database manager</a></li>

  2982. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.ndbm"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm.ndbm</span></code> — New Database Manager</a></li>

  2983. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.dumb"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm.dumb</span></code> — Portable DBM implementation</a></li>

  2984. </ul>

  2985. </li>

  2986. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a><ul>

  2987. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a></li>

  2988. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#reference">Reference</a><ul>

  2989. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#module-functions">Module functions</a></li>

  2990. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#module-constants">Module constants</a></li>

  2991. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#connection-objects">Connection objects</a></li>

  2992. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#cursor-objects">Cursor objects</a></li>

  2993. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#row-objects">Row objects</a></li>

  2994. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#blob-objects">Blob objects</a></li>

  2995. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#prepareprotocol-objects">PrepareProtocol objects</a></li>

  2996. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  2997. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#sqlite-and-python-types">SQLite and Python types</a></li>

  2998. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#default-adapters-and-converters-deprecated">Default adapters and converters (deprecated)</a></li>

  2999. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li>

  3000. </ul>

  3001. </li>

  3002. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-guides">How-to guides</a><ul>

  3003. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-placeholders-to-bind-values-in-sql-queries">How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries</a></li>

  3004. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-adapt-custom-python-types-to-sqlite-values">How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values</a><ul>

  3005. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-write-adaptable-objects">How to write adaptable objects</a></li>

  3006. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-register-adapter-callables">How to register adapter callables</a></li>

  3007. </ul>

  3008. </li>

  3009. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-convert-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types">How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types</a></li>

  3010. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#adapter-and-converter-recipes">Adapter and converter recipes</a></li>

  3011. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-connection-shortcut-methods">How to use connection shortcut methods</a></li>

  3012. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-use-the-connection-context-manager">How to use the connection context manager</a></li>

  3013. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-work-with-sqlite-uris">How to work with SQLite URIs</a></li>

  3014. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-create-and-use-row-factories">How to create and use row factories</a></li>

  3015. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#how-to-handle-non-utf-8-text-encodings">How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings</a></li>

  3016. </ul>

  3017. </li>

  3018. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#explanation">Explanation</a><ul>

  3019. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control">Transaction control</a><ul>

  3020. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control-via-the-autocommit-attribute">Transaction control via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">autocommit</span></code> attribute</a></li>

  3021. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#transaction-control-via-the-isolation-level-attribute">Transaction control via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isolation_level</span></code> attribute</a></li>

  3022. </ul>

  3023. </li>

  3024. </ul>

  3025. </li>

  3026. </ul>

  3027. </li>

  3028. </ul>

  3029. </li>

  3030. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/archiving.html">Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul>

  3031. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li>

  3032. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a><ul>

  3033. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#examples-of-usage">Examples of usage</a></li>

  3034. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a><ul>

  3035. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li>

  3036. </ul>

  3037. </li>

  3038. </ul>

  3039. </li>

  3040. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bz2</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">bzip2</strong> compression</a><ul>

  3041. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#de-compression-of-files">(De)compression of files</a></li>

  3042. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#incremental-de-compression">Incremental (de)compression</a></li>

  3043. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#one-shot-de-compression">One-shot (de)compression</a></li>

  3044. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#examples-of-usage">Examples of usage</a></li>

  3045. </ul>

  3046. </li>

  3047. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lzma</span></code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a><ul>

  3048. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#reading-and-writing-compressed-files">Reading and writing compressed files</a></li>

  3049. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#compressing-and-decompressing-data-in-memory">Compressing and decompressing data in memory</a></li>

  3050. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>

  3051. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#specifying-custom-filter-chains">Specifying custom filter chains</a></li>

  3052. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3053. </ul>

  3054. </li>

  3055. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code> — Work with ZIP archives</a><ul>

  3056. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipfile-objects">ZipFile Objects</a></li>

  3057. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#path-objects">Path Objects</a></li>

  3058. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#pyzipfile-objects">PyZipFile Objects</a></li>

  3059. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipinfo-objects">ZipInfo Objects</a></li>

  3060. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul>

  3061. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li>

  3062. </ul>

  3063. </li>

  3064. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#decompression-pitfalls">Decompression pitfalls</a><ul>

  3065. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#from-file-itself">From file itself</a></li>

  3066. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#file-system-limitations">File System limitations</a></li>

  3067. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#resources-limitations">Resources limitations</a></li>

  3068. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#interruption">Interruption</a></li>

  3069. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#default-behaviors-of-extraction">Default behaviors of extraction</a></li>

  3070. </ul>

  3071. </li>

  3072. </ul>

  3073. </li>

  3074. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></code> — Read and write tar archive files</a><ul>

  3075. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarfile-objects">TarFile Objects</a></li>

  3076. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarinfo-objects">TarInfo Objects</a></li>

  3077. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#extraction-filters">Extraction filters</a><ul>

  3078. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#default-named-filters">Default named filters</a></li>

  3079. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#filter-errors">Filter errors</a></li>

  3080. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#hints-for-further-verification">Hints for further verification</a></li>

  3081. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#supporting-older-python-versions">Supporting older Python versions</a></li>

  3082. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#stateful-extraction-filter-example">Stateful extraction filter example</a></li>

  3083. </ul>

  3084. </li>

  3085. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul>

  3086. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li>

  3087. </ul>

  3088. </li>

  3089. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3090. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#supported-tar-formats">Supported tar formats</a></li>

  3091. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#unicode-issues">Unicode issues</a></li>

  3092. </ul>

  3093. </li>

  3094. </ul>

  3095. </li>

  3096. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileformats.html">File Formats</a><ul>

  3097. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">csv</span></code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a><ul>

  3098. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li>

  3099. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#dialects-and-formatting-parameters">Dialects and Formatting Parameters</a></li>

  3100. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#reader-objects">Reader Objects</a></li>

  3101. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#writer-objects">Writer Objects</a></li>

  3102. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3103. </ul>

  3104. </li>

  3105. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">configparser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a><ul>

  3106. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#quick-start">Quick Start</a></li>

  3107. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-datatypes">Supported Datatypes</a></li>

  3108. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#fallback-values">Fallback Values</a></li>

  3109. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-ini-file-structure">Supported INI File Structure</a></li>

  3110. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#interpolation-of-values">Interpolation of values</a></li>

  3111. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#mapping-protocol-access">Mapping Protocol Access</a></li>

  3112. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#customizing-parser-behaviour">Customizing Parser Behaviour</a></li>

  3113. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#legacy-api-examples">Legacy API Examples</a></li>

  3114. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#configparser-objects">ConfigParser Objects</a></li>

  3115. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#rawconfigparser-objects">RawConfigParser Objects</a></li>

  3116. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3117. </ul>

  3118. </li>

  3119. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tomllib</span></code> — Parse TOML files</a><ul>

  3120. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3121. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib.html#conversion-table">Conversion Table</a></li>

  3122. </ul>

  3123. </li>

  3124. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a><ul>

  3125. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html#netrc-objects">netrc Objects</a></li>

  3126. </ul>

  3127. </li>

  3128. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> — Generate and parse Apple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.plist</span></code> files</a><ul>

  3129. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3130. </ul>

  3131. </li>

  3132. </ul>

  3133. </li>

  3134. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypto.html">Cryptographic Services</a><ul>

  3135. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a><ul>

  3136. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#hash-algorithms">Hash algorithms</a></li>

  3137. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#usage">Usage</a></li>

  3138. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#constructors">Constructors</a></li>

  3139. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#attributes">Attributes</a></li>

  3140. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#hash-objects">Hash Objects</a></li>

  3141. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#shake-variable-length-digests">SHAKE variable length digests</a></li>

  3142. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#file-hashing">File hashing</a></li>

  3143. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#key-derivation">Key derivation</a></li>

  3144. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#blake2">BLAKE2</a><ul>

  3145. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#creating-hash-objects">Creating hash objects</a></li>

  3146. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  3147. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  3148. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#simple-hashing">Simple hashing</a></li>

  3149. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#using-different-digest-sizes">Using different digest sizes</a></li>

  3150. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#keyed-hashing">Keyed hashing</a></li>

  3151. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#randomized-hashing">Randomized hashing</a></li>

  3152. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#personalization">Personalization</a></li>

  3153. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#tree-mode">Tree mode</a></li>

  3154. </ul>

  3155. </li>

  3156. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html#credits">Credits</a></li>

  3157. </ul>

  3158. </li>

  3159. </ul>

  3160. </li>

  3161. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hmac.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li>

  3162. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">secrets</span></code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a><ul>

  3163. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li>

  3164. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#generating-tokens">Generating tokens</a><ul>

  3165. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#how-many-bytes-should-tokens-use">How many bytes should tokens use?</a></li>

  3166. </ul>

  3167. </li>

  3168. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#other-functions">Other functions</a></li>

  3169. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets.html#recipes-and-best-practices">Recipes and best practices</a></li>

  3170. </ul>

  3171. </li>

  3172. </ul>

  3173. </li>

  3174. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/allos.html">Generic Operating System Services</a><ul>

  3175. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>

  3176. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li>

  3177. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#python-utf-8-mode">Python UTF-8 Mode</a></li>

  3178. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-parameters">Process Parameters</a></li>

  3179. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-object-creation">File Object Creation</a></li>

  3180. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-descriptor-operations">File Descriptor Operations</a><ul>

  3181. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">Querying the size of a terminal</a></li>

  3182. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">Inheritance of File Descriptors</a></li>

  3183. </ul>

  3184. </li>

  3185. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#files-and-directories">Files and Directories</a><ul>

  3186. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#linux-extended-attributes">Linux extended attributes</a></li>

  3187. </ul>

  3188. </li>

  3189. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-management">Process Management</a></li>

  3190. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">Interface to the scheduler</a></li>

  3191. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">Miscellaneous System Information</a></li>

  3192. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li>

  3193. </ul>

  3194. </li>

  3195. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul>

  3196. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#overview">Overview</a><ul>

  3197. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#text-i-o">Text I/O</a></li>

  3198. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#binary-i-o">Binary I/O</a></li>

  3199. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#raw-i-o">Raw I/O</a></li>

  3200. </ul>

  3201. </li>

  3202. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#text-encoding">Text Encoding</a><ul>

  3203. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#opt-in-encodingwarning">Opt-in EncodingWarning</a></li>

  3204. </ul>

  3205. </li>

  3206. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#high-level-module-interface">High-level Module Interface</a></li>

  3207. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#class-hierarchy">Class hierarchy</a><ul>

  3208. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#i-o-base-classes">I/O Base Classes</a></li>

  3209. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#raw-file-i-o">Raw File I/O</a></li>

  3210. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#buffered-streams">Buffered Streams</a></li>

  3211. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id1">Text I/O</a></li>

  3212. </ul>

  3213. </li>

  3214. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#performance">Performance</a><ul>

  3215. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id2">Binary I/O</a></li>

  3216. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id3">Text I/O</a></li>

  3217. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li>

  3218. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#reentrancy">Reentrancy</a></li>

  3219. </ul>

  3220. </li>

  3221. </ul>

  3222. </li>

  3223. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a><ul>

  3224. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  3225. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html#clock-id-constants">Clock ID Constants</a></li>

  3226. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html#timezone-constants">Timezone Constants</a></li>

  3227. </ul>

  3228. </li>

  3229. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a><ul>

  3230. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#core-functionality">Core Functionality</a></li>

  3231. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#quick-links-for-add-argument">Quick Links for add_argument()</a></li>

  3232. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#example">Example</a><ul>

  3233. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#creating-a-parser">Creating a parser</a></li>

  3234. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#adding-arguments">Adding arguments</a></li>

  3235. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a></li>

  3236. </ul>

  3237. </li>

  3238. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">ArgumentParser objects</a><ul>

  3239. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prog">prog</a></li>

  3240. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#usage">usage</a></li>

  3241. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#description">description</a></li>

  3242. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#epilog">epilog</a></li>

  3243. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parents">parents</a></li>

  3244. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#formatter-class">formatter_class</a></li>

  3245. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prefix-chars">prefix_chars</a></li>

  3246. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li>

  3247. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-default">argument_default</a></li>

  3248. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#allow-abbrev">allow_abbrev</a></li>

  3249. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#conflict-handler">conflict_handler</a></li>

  3250. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#add-help">add_help</a></li>

  3251. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exit-on-error">exit_on_error</a></li>

  3252. </ul>

  3253. </li>

  3254. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">The add_argument() method</a><ul>

  3255. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#name-or-flags">name or flags</a></li>

  3256. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action">action</a></li>

  3257. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#nargs">nargs</a></li>

  3258. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#const">const</a></li>

  3259. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#default">default</a></li>

  3260. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#type">type</a></li>

  3261. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#choices">choices</a></li>

  3262. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#required">required</a></li>

  3263. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#help">help</a></li>

  3264. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#metavar">metavar</a></li>

  3265. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#dest">dest</a></li>

  3266. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action-classes">Action classes</a></li>

  3267. </ul>

  3268. </li>

  3269. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">The parse_args() method</a><ul>

  3270. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#option-value-syntax">Option value syntax</a></li>

  3271. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#invalid-arguments">Invalid arguments</a></li>

  3272. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#arguments-containing">Arguments containing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code></a></li>

  3273. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)</a></li>

  3274. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">Beyond <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a></li>

  3275. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-namespace-object">The Namespace object</a></li>

  3276. </ul>

  3277. </li>

  3278. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#other-utilities">Other utilities</a><ul>

  3279. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#sub-commands">Sub-commands</a></li>

  3280. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#filetype-objects">FileType objects</a></li>

  3281. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-groups">Argument groups</a></li>

  3282. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">Mutual exclusion</a></li>

  3283. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parser-defaults">Parser defaults</a></li>

  3284. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#printing-help">Printing help</a></li>

  3285. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#partial-parsing">Partial parsing</a></li>

  3286. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">Customizing file parsing</a></li>

  3287. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exiting-methods">Exiting methods</a></li>

  3288. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#intermixed-parsing">Intermixed parsing</a></li>

  3289. </ul>

  3290. </li>

  3291. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">Upgrading optparse code</a></li>

  3292. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3293. </ul>

  3294. </li>

  3295. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getopt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li>

  3296. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>

  3297. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logger-objects">Logger Objects</a></li>

  3298. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a></li>

  3299. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#handler-objects">Handler Objects</a></li>

  3300. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#formatter-objects">Formatter Objects</a></li>

  3301. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#filter-objects">Filter Objects</a></li>

  3302. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-objects">LogRecord Objects</a></li>

  3303. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord attributes</a></li>

  3304. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li>

  3305. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#thread-safety">Thread Safety</a></li>

  3306. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li>

  3307. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-attributes">Module-Level Attributes</a></li>

  3308. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">Integration with the warnings module</a></li>

  3309. </ul>

  3310. </li>

  3311. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul>

  3312. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-functions">Configuration functions</a></li>

  3313. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li>

  3314. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>

  3315. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>

  3316. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">Incremental Configuration</a></li>

  3317. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#object-connections">Object connections</a></li>

  3318. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">User-defined objects</a></li>

  3319. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#handler-configuration-order">Handler configuration order</a></li>

  3320. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">Access to external objects</a></li>

  3321. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">Access to internal objects</a></li>

  3322. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>

  3323. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuring-queuehandler-and-queuelistener">Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener</a></li>

  3324. </ul>

  3325. </li>

  3326. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">Configuration file format</a></li>

  3327. </ul>

  3328. </li>

  3329. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul>

  3330. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li>

  3331. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li>

  3332. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">NullHandler</a></li>

  3333. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li>

  3334. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>

  3335. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li>

  3336. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>

  3337. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li>

  3338. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li>

  3339. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li>

  3340. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li>

  3341. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">SMTPHandler</a></li>

  3342. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">MemoryHandler</a></li>

  3343. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler">HTTPHandler</a></li>

  3344. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">QueueHandler</a></li>

  3345. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">QueueListener</a></li>

  3346. </ul>

  3347. </li>

  3348. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getpass.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li>

  3349. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul>

  3350. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  3351. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#window-objects">Window Objects</a></li>

  3352. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  3353. </ul>

  3354. </li>

  3355. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul>

  3356. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#textbox-objects">Textbox objects</a></li>

  3357. </ul>

  3358. </li>

  3359. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.ascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>

  3360. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul>

  3361. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  3362. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#panel-objects">Panel Objects</a></li>

  3363. </ul>

  3364. </li>

  3365. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> —  Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul>

  3366. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#cross-platform">Cross Platform</a></li>

  3367. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#java-platform">Java Platform</a></li>

  3368. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#windows-platform">Windows Platform</a></li>

  3369. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#macos-platform">macOS Platform</a></li>

  3370. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#unix-platforms">Unix Platforms</a></li>

  3371. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#linux-platforms">Linux Platforms</a></li>

  3372. </ul>

  3373. </li>

  3374. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/errno.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>

  3375. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul>

  3376. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">ctypes tutorial</a><ul>

  3377. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li>

  3378. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li>

  3379. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions">Calling functions</a></li>

  3380. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">Fundamental data types</a></li>

  3381. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">Calling functions, continued</a></li>

  3382. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-variadic-functions">Calling variadic functions</a></li>

  3383. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li>

  3384. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li>

  3385. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#return-types">Return types</a></li>

  3386. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li>

  3387. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">Structures and unions</a></li>

  3388. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">Structure/union alignment and byte order</a></li>

  3389. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li>

  3390. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays">Arrays</a></li>

  3391. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#pointers">Pointers</a></li>

  3392. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#type-conversions">Type conversions</a></li>

  3393. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types">Incomplete Types</a></li>

  3394. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#callback-functions">Callback functions</a></li>

  3395. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li>

  3396. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#surprises">Surprises</a></li>

  3397. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">Variable-sized data types</a></li>

  3398. </ul>

  3399. </li>

  3400. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">ctypes reference</a><ul>

  3401. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">Finding shared libraries</a></li>

  3402. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">Loading shared libraries</a></li>

  3403. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions">Foreign functions</a></li>

  3404. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes">Function prototypes</a></li>

  3405. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li>

  3406. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#data-types">Data types</a></li>

  3407. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">Fundamental data types</a></li>

  3408. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types">Structured data types</a></li>

  3409. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">Arrays and pointers</a></li>

  3410. </ul>

  3411. </li>

  3412. </ul>

  3413. </li>

  3414. </ul>

  3415. </li>

  3416. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrency.html">Concurrent Execution</a><ul>

  3417. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Thread-based parallelism</a><ul>

  3418. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-local-data">Thread-Local Data</a></li>

  3419. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-objects">Thread Objects</a></li>

  3420. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#lock-objects">Lock Objects</a></li>

  3421. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#rlock-objects">RLock Objects</a></li>

  3422. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#condition-objects">Condition Objects</a></li>

  3423. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-objects">Semaphore Objects</a><ul>

  3424. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></code> Example</a></li>

  3425. </ul>

  3426. </li>

  3427. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#event-objects">Event Objects</a></li>

  3428. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#timer-objects">Timer Objects</a></li>

  3429. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#barrier-objects">Barrier Objects</a></li>

  3430. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>

  3431. </ul>

  3432. </li>

  3433. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based parallelism</a><ul>

  3434. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#introduction">Introduction</a><ul>

  3435. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> class</a></li>

  3436. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#contexts-and-start-methods">Contexts and start methods</a></li>

  3437. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">Exchanging objects between processes</a></li>

  3438. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">Synchronization between processes</a></li>

  3439. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">Sharing state between processes</a></li>

  3440. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">Using a pool of workers</a></li>

  3441. </ul>

  3442. </li>

  3443. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#reference">Reference</a><ul>

  3444. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> and exceptions</a></li>

  3445. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">Pipes and Queues</a></li>

  3446. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>

  3447. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">Connection Objects</a></li>

  3448. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">Synchronization primitives</a></li>

  3449. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">Shared <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> Objects</a><ul>

  3450. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></code> module</a></li>

  3451. </ul>

  3452. </li>

  3453. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#managers">Managers</a><ul>

  3454. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">Customized managers</a></li>

  3455. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">Using a remote manager</a></li>

  3456. </ul>

  3457. </li>

  3458. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">Proxy Objects</a><ul>

  3459. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#cleanup">Cleanup</a></li>

  3460. </ul>

  3461. </li>

  3462. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">Process Pools</a></li>

  3463. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">Listeners and Clients</a><ul>

  3464. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#address-formats">Address Formats</a></li>

  3465. </ul>

  3466. </li>

  3467. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">Authentication keys</a></li>

  3468. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#logging">Logging</a></li>

  3469. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></code> module</a></li>

  3470. </ul>

  3471. </li>

  3472. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">Programming guidelines</a><ul>

  3473. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#all-start-methods">All start methods</a></li>

  3474. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-spawn-and-forkserver-start-methods">The <em>spawn</em> and <em>forkserver</em> start methods</a></li>

  3475. </ul>

  3476. </li>

  3477. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3478. </ul>

  3479. </li>

  3480. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.shared_memory.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.shared_memory</span></code> — Shared memory for direct access across processes</a></li>

  3481. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.html">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent</span></code> package</a></li>

  3482. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> — Launching parallel tasks</a><ul>

  3483. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#executor-objects">Executor Objects</a></li>

  3484. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor">ThreadPoolExecutor</a><ul>

  3485. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor-example">ThreadPoolExecutor Example</a></li>

  3486. </ul>

  3487. </li>

  3488. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor">ProcessPoolExecutor</a><ul>

  3489. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor-example">ProcessPoolExecutor Example</a></li>

  3490. </ul>

  3491. </li>

  3492. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#future-objects">Future Objects</a></li>

  3493. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#module-functions">Module Functions</a></li>

  3494. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#exception-classes">Exception classes</a></li>

  3495. </ul>

  3496. </li>

  3497. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a><ul>

  3498. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">Using the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>

  3499. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a></li>

  3500. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-constructor">Popen Constructor</a></li>

  3501. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3502. </ul>

  3503. </li>

  3504. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li>

  3505. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-objects">Popen Objects</a></li>

  3506. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul>

  3507. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#windows-constants">Windows Constants</a></li>

  3508. </ul>

  3509. </li>

  3510. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#older-high-level-api">Older high-level API</a></li>

  3511. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">Replacing Older Functions with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>

  3512. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-command-substitution">Replacing <strong class="program">/bin/sh</strong> shell command substitution</a></li>

  3513. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">Replacing shell pipeline</a></li>

  3514. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></code></a></li>

  3515. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">Replacing the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.spawn</span></code> family</a></li>

  3516. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen2()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen3()</span></code></a></li>

  3517. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">Replacing functions from the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> module</a></li>

  3518. </ul>

  3519. </li>

  3520. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#legacy-shell-invocation-functions">Legacy Shell Invocation Functions</a></li>

  3521. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#notes">Notes</a><ul>

  3522. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li>

  3523. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#disabling-use-of-vfork-or-posix-spawn">Disabling use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vfork()</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix_spawn()</span></code></a></li>

  3524. </ul>

  3525. </li>

  3526. </ul>

  3527. </li>

  3528. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a><ul>

  3529. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html#scheduler-objects">Scheduler Objects</a></li>

  3530. </ul>

  3531. </li>

  3532. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a><ul>

  3533. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#queue-objects">Queue Objects</a></li>

  3534. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#simplequeue-objects">SimpleQueue Objects</a></li>

  3535. </ul>

  3536. </li>

  3537. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextvars</span></code> — Context Variables</a><ul>

  3538. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html#context-variables">Context Variables</a></li>

  3539. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html#manual-context-management">Manual Context Management</a></li>

  3540. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars.html#asyncio-support">asyncio support</a></li>

  3541. </ul>

  3542. </li>

  3543. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_thread.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code> — Low-level threading API</a></li>

  3544. </ul>

  3545. </li>

  3546. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipc.html">Networking and Interprocess Communication</a><ul>

  3547. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code> — Asynchronous I/O</a><ul>

  3548. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html">Runners</a><ul>

  3549. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html#running-an-asyncio-program">Running an asyncio Program</a></li>

  3550. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html#runner-context-manager">Runner context manager</a></li>

  3551. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner.html#handling-keyboard-interruption">Handling Keyboard Interruption</a></li>

  3552. </ul>

  3553. </li>

  3554. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html">Coroutines and Tasks</a><ul>

  3555. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#coroutines">Coroutines</a></li>

  3556. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#awaitables">Awaitables</a></li>

  3557. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#creating-tasks">Creating Tasks</a></li>

  3558. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task-cancellation">Task Cancellation</a></li>

  3559. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task-groups">Task Groups</a></li>

  3560. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#sleeping">Sleeping</a></li>

  3561. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#running-tasks-concurrently">Running Tasks Concurrently</a></li>

  3562. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#eager-task-factory">Eager Task Factory</a></li>

  3563. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#shielding-from-cancellation">Shielding From Cancellation</a></li>

  3564. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#timeouts">Timeouts</a></li>

  3565. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#waiting-primitives">Waiting Primitives</a></li>

  3566. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#running-in-threads">Running in Threads</a></li>

  3567. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#scheduling-from-other-threads">Scheduling From Other Threads</a></li>

  3568. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#introspection">Introspection</a></li>

  3569. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task.html#task-object">Task Object</a></li>

  3570. </ul>

  3571. </li>

  3572. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html">Streams</a><ul>

  3573. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#streamreader">StreamReader</a></li>

  3574. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#streamwriter">StreamWriter</a></li>

  3575. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  3576. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-client-using-streams">TCP echo client using streams</a></li>

  3577. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#tcp-echo-server-using-streams">TCP echo server using streams</a></li>

  3578. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#get-http-headers">Get HTTP headers</a></li>

  3579. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream.html#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-streams">Register an open socket to wait for data using streams</a></li>

  3580. </ul>

  3581. </li>

  3582. </ul>

  3583. </li>

  3584. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html">Synchronization Primitives</a><ul>

  3585. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#lock">Lock</a></li>

  3586. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#event">Event</a></li>

  3587. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#condition">Condition</a></li>

  3588. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#semaphore">Semaphore</a></li>

  3589. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#boundedsemaphore">BoundedSemaphore</a></li>

  3590. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync.html#barrier">Barrier</a></li>

  3591. </ul>

  3592. </li>

  3593. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html">Subprocesses</a><ul>

  3594. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#creating-subprocesses">Creating Subprocesses</a></li>

  3595. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  3596. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#interacting-with-subprocesses">Interacting with Subprocesses</a><ul>

  3597. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#subprocess-and-threads">Subprocess and Threads</a></li>

  3598. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3599. </ul>

  3600. </li>

  3601. </ul>

  3602. </li>

  3603. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html">Queues</a><ul>

  3604. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#queue">Queue</a></li>

  3605. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#priority-queue">Priority Queue</a></li>

  3606. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#lifo-queue">LIFO Queue</a></li>

  3607. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3608. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3609. </ul>

  3610. </li>

  3611. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></li>

  3612. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html">Event Loop</a><ul>

  3613. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-methods">Event Loop Methods</a><ul>

  3614. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#running-and-stopping-the-loop">Running and stopping the loop</a></li>

  3615. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#scheduling-callbacks">Scheduling callbacks</a></li>

  3616. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#scheduling-delayed-callbacks">Scheduling delayed callbacks</a></li>

  3617. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-futures-and-tasks">Creating Futures and Tasks</a></li>

  3618. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#opening-network-connections">Opening network connections</a></li>

  3619. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#creating-network-servers">Creating network servers</a></li>

  3620. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#transferring-files">Transferring files</a></li>

  3621. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#tls-upgrade">TLS Upgrade</a></li>

  3622. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watching-file-descriptors">Watching file descriptors</a></li>

  3623. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#working-with-socket-objects-directly">Working with socket objects directly</a></li>

  3624. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#dns">DNS</a></li>

  3625. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#working-with-pipes">Working with pipes</a></li>

  3626. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#unix-signals">Unix signals</a></li>

  3627. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#executing-code-in-thread-or-process-pools">Executing code in thread or process pools</a></li>

  3628. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#error-handling-api">Error Handling API</a></li>

  3629. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#enabling-debug-mode">Enabling debug mode</a></li>

  3630. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#running-subprocesses">Running Subprocesses</a></li>

  3631. </ul>

  3632. </li>

  3633. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#callback-handles">Callback Handles</a></li>

  3634. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li>

  3635. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#event-loop-implementations">Event Loop Implementations</a></li>

  3636. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  3637. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#hello-world-with-call-soon">Hello World with call_soon()</a></li>

  3638. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#display-the-current-date-with-call-later">Display the current date with call_later()</a></li>

  3639. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#watch-a-file-descriptor-for-read-events">Watch a file descriptor for read events</a></li>

  3640. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop.html#set-signal-handlers-for-sigint-and-sigterm">Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM</a></li>

  3641. </ul>

  3642. </li>

  3643. </ul>

  3644. </li>

  3645. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future.html">Futures</a><ul>

  3646. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future.html#future-functions">Future Functions</a></li>

  3647. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future.html#future-object">Future Object</a></li>

  3648. </ul>

  3649. </li>

  3650. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html">Transports and Protocols</a><ul>

  3651. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#transports">Transports</a><ul>

  3652. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#transports-hierarchy">Transports Hierarchy</a></li>

  3653. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-transport">Base Transport</a></li>

  3654. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#read-only-transports">Read-only Transports</a></li>

  3655. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#write-only-transports">Write-only Transports</a></li>

  3656. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-transports">Datagram Transports</a></li>

  3657. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#subprocess-transports">Subprocess Transports</a></li>

  3658. </ul>

  3659. </li>

  3660. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocols">Protocols</a><ul>

  3661. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-protocols">Base Protocols</a></li>

  3662. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#base-protocol">Base Protocol</a></li>

  3663. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#streaming-protocols">Streaming Protocols</a></li>

  3664. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#buffered-streaming-protocols">Buffered Streaming Protocols</a></li>

  3665. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#datagram-protocols">Datagram Protocols</a></li>

  3666. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#subprocess-protocols">Subprocess Protocols</a></li>

  3667. </ul>

  3668. </li>

  3669. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  3670. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-server">TCP Echo Server</a></li>

  3671. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#tcp-echo-client">TCP Echo Client</a></li>

  3672. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-server">UDP Echo Server</a></li>

  3673. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#udp-echo-client">UDP Echo Client</a></li>

  3674. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#connecting-existing-sockets">Connecting Existing Sockets</a></li>

  3675. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol.html#loop-subprocess-exec-and-subprocessprotocol">loop.subprocess_exec() and SubprocessProtocol</a></li>

  3676. </ul>

  3677. </li>

  3678. </ul>

  3679. </li>

  3680. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html">Policies</a><ul>

  3681. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#getting-and-setting-the-policy">Getting and Setting the Policy</a></li>

  3682. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#policy-objects">Policy Objects</a></li>

  3683. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#process-watchers">Process Watchers</a></li>

  3684. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy.html#custom-policies">Custom Policies</a></li>

  3685. </ul>

  3686. </li>

  3687. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html">Platform Support</a><ul>

  3688. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#all-platforms">All Platforms</a></li>

  3689. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#windows">Windows</a><ul>

  3690. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#subprocess-support-on-windows">Subprocess Support on Windows</a></li>

  3691. </ul>

  3692. </li>

  3693. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms.html#macos">macOS</a></li>

  3694. </ul>

  3695. </li>

  3696. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html">Extending</a><ul>

  3697. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html#writing-a-custom-event-loop">Writing a Custom Event Loop</a></li>

  3698. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html#future-and-task-private-constructors">Future and Task private constructors</a></li>

  3699. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending.html#task-lifetime-support">Task lifetime support</a></li>

  3700. </ul>

  3701. </li>

  3702. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html">High-level API Index</a><ul>

  3703. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#tasks">Tasks</a></li>

  3704. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#queues">Queues</a></li>

  3705. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#subprocesses">Subprocesses</a></li>

  3706. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#streams">Streams</a></li>

  3707. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#synchronization">Synchronization</a></li>

  3708. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3709. </ul>

  3710. </li>

  3711. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html">Low-level API Index</a><ul>

  3712. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#obtaining-the-event-loop">Obtaining the Event Loop</a></li>

  3713. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#event-loop-methods">Event Loop Methods</a></li>

  3714. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#transports">Transports</a></li>

  3715. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#protocols">Protocols</a></li>

  3716. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index.html#event-loop-policies">Event Loop Policies</a></li>

  3717. </ul>

  3718. </li>

  3719. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html">Developing with asyncio</a><ul>

  3720. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#debug-mode">Debug Mode</a></li>

  3721. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#concurrency-and-multithreading">Concurrency and Multithreading</a></li>

  3722. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#running-blocking-code">Running Blocking Code</a></li>

  3723. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#logging">Logging</a></li>

  3724. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-never-awaited-coroutines">Detect never-awaited coroutines</a></li>

  3725. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev.html#detect-never-retrieved-exceptions">Detect never-retrieved exceptions</a></li>

  3726. </ul>

  3727. </li>

  3728. </ul>

  3729. </li>

  3730. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul>

  3731. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-families">Socket families</a></li>

  3732. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#module-contents">Module contents</a><ul>

  3733. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3734. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  3735. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#functions">Functions</a><ul>

  3736. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#creating-sockets">Creating sockets</a></li>

  3737. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#other-functions">Other functions</a></li>

  3738. </ul>

  3739. </li>

  3740. </ul>

  3741. </li>

  3742. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-objects">Socket Objects</a></li>

  3743. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#notes-on-socket-timeouts">Notes on socket timeouts</a><ul>

  3744. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-connect-method">Timeouts and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connect</span></code> method</a></li>

  3745. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-accept-method">Timeouts and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">accept</span></code> method</a></li>

  3746. </ul>

  3747. </li>

  3748. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#example">Example</a></li>

  3749. </ul>

  3750. </li>

  3751. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul>

  3752. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions">Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul>

  3753. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#socket-creation">Socket creation</a></li>

  3754. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#context-creation">Context creation</a></li>

  3755. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3756. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#random-generation">Random generation</a></li>

  3757. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-handling">Certificate handling</a></li>

  3758. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#constants">Constants</a></li>

  3759. </ul>

  3760. </li>

  3761. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-sockets">SSL Sockets</a></li>

  3762. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-contexts">SSL Contexts</a></li>

  3763. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificates">Certificates</a><ul>

  3764. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-chains">Certificate chains</a></li>

  3765. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ca-certificates">CA certificates</a></li>

  3766. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate">Combined key and certificate</a></li>

  3767. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#self-signed-certificates">Self-signed certificates</a></li>

  3768. </ul>

  3769. </li>

  3770. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  3771. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support">Testing for SSL support</a></li>

  3772. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#client-side-operation">Client-side operation</a></li>

  3773. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#server-side-operation">Server-side operation</a></li>

  3774. </ul>

  3775. </li>

  3776. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li>

  3777. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li>

  3778. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-session">SSL session</a></li>

  3779. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a><ul>

  3780. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#best-defaults">Best defaults</a></li>

  3781. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#manual-settings">Manual settings</a><ul>

  3782. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#verifying-certificates">Verifying certificates</a></li>

  3783. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#protocol-versions">Protocol versions</a></li>

  3784. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#cipher-selection">Cipher selection</a></li>

  3785. </ul>

  3786. </li>

  3787. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#multi-processing">Multi-processing</a></li>

  3788. </ul>

  3789. </li>

  3790. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#tls-1-3">TLS 1.3</a></li>

  3791. </ul>

  3792. </li>

  3793. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul>

  3794. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#dev-poll-polling-objects"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/dev/poll</span></code> Polling Objects</a></li>

  3795. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li>

  3796. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#polling-objects">Polling Objects</a></li>

  3797. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kqueue-objects">Kqueue Objects</a></li>

  3798. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kevent-objects">Kevent Objects</a></li>

  3799. </ul>

  3800. </li>

  3801. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">selectors</span></code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a><ul>

  3802. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  3803. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#classes">Classes</a></li>

  3804. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3805. </ul>

  3806. </li>

  3807. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a><ul>

  3808. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#general-rules">General rules</a><ul>

  3809. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#execution-of-python-signal-handlers">Execution of Python signal handlers</a></li>

  3810. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#signals-and-threads">Signals and threads</a></li>

  3811. </ul>

  3812. </li>

  3813. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#module-contents">Module contents</a></li>

  3814. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3815. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#note-on-sigpipe">Note on SIGPIPE</a></li>

  3816. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#note-on-signal-handlers-and-exceptions">Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions</a></li>

  3817. </ul>

  3818. </li>

  3819. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a><ul>

  3820. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html#madv-constants">MADV_* Constants</a></li>

  3821. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html#map-constants">MAP_* Constants</a></li>

  3822. </ul>

  3823. </li>

  3824. </ul>

  3825. </li>

  3826. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netdata.html">Internet Data Handling</a><ul>

  3827. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a><ul>

  3828. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: Representing an email message</a></li>

  3829. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul>

  3830. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#feedparser-api">FeedParser API</a></li>

  3831. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#parser-api">Parser API</a></li>

  3832. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#additional-notes">Additional notes</a></li>

  3833. </ul>

  3834. </li>

  3835. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.generator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li>

  3836. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.policy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code>: Policy Objects</a></li>

  3837. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.errors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li>

  3838. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.headerregistry.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry</span></code>: Custom Header Objects</a></li>

  3839. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.contentmanager</span></code>: Managing MIME Content</a><ul>

  3840. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances">Content Manager Instances</a></li>

  3841. </ul>

  3842. </li>

  3843. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code>: Examples</a></li>

  3844. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.compat32-message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code>: Representing an email message using the <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code> API</a></li>

  3845. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.mime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li>

  3846. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.header.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.header</span></code>: Internationalized headers</a></li>

  3847. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.charset.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></code>: Representing character sets</a></li>

  3848. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.encoders.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></code>: Encoders</a></li>

  3849. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li>

  3850. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.iterators.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: Iterators</a></li>

  3851. </ul>

  3852. </li>

  3853. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>

  3854. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>

  3855. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders">Encoders and Decoders</a></li>

  3856. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3857. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#standard-compliance-and-interoperability">Standard Compliance and Interoperability</a><ul>

  3858. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#character-encodings">Character Encodings</a></li>

  3859. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#infinite-and-nan-number-values">Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li>

  3860. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#repeated-names-within-an-object">Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li>

  3861. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li>

  3862. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#implementation-limitations">Implementation Limitations</a></li>

  3863. </ul>

  3864. </li>

  3865. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#module-json.tool">Command Line Interface</a><ul>

  3866. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li>

  3867. </ul>

  3868. </li>

  3869. </ul>

  3870. </li>

  3871. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a><ul>

  3872. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mailbox-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mailbox</span></code> objects</a><ul>

  3873. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildir-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Maildir</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3874. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mbox-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mbox</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3875. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mh-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MH</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3876. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babyl-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Babyl</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3877. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdf-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MMDF</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3878. </ul>

  3879. </li>

  3880. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#message-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code> objects</a><ul>

  3881. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildirmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MaildirMessage</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3882. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mboxmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mboxMessage</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3883. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mhmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MHMessage</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3884. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babylmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BabylMessage</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3885. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdfmessage-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MMDFMessage</span></code> objects</a></li>

  3886. </ul>

  3887. </li>

  3888. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3889. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3890. </ul>

  3891. </li>

  3892. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a><ul>

  3893. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html#mimetypes-objects">MimeTypes Objects</a></li>

  3894. </ul>

  3895. </li>

  3896. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a><ul>

  3897. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64.html#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li>

  3898. </ul>

  3899. </li>

  3900. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li>

  3901. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/quopri.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li>

  3902. </ul>

  3903. </li>

  3904. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/markup.html">Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul>

  3905. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html</span></code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li>

  3906. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html.parser</span></code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a><ul>

  3907. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#example-html-parser-application">Example HTML Parser Application</a></li>

  3908. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#htmlparser-methods"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code> Methods</a></li>

  3909. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  3910. </ul>

  3911. </li>

  3912. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.entities.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">html.entities</span></code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li>

  3913. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html">XML Processing Modules</a><ul>

  3914. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">XML vulnerabilities</a></li>

  3915. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.html#the-defusedxml-package">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defusedxml</span></code> Package</a></li>

  3916. </ul>

  3917. </li>

  3918. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul>

  3919. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul>

  3920. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml-tree-and-elements">XML tree and elements</a></li>

  3921. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml">Parsing XML</a></li>

  3922. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#pull-api-for-non-blocking-parsing">Pull API for non-blocking parsing</a></li>

  3923. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#finding-interesting-elements">Finding interesting elements</a></li>

  3924. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#modifying-an-xml-file">Modifying an XML File</a></li>

  3925. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#building-xml-documents">Building XML documents</a></li>

  3926. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml-with-namespaces">Parsing XML with Namespaces</a></li>

  3927. </ul>

  3928. </li>

  3929. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xpath-support">XPath support</a><ul>

  3930. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#example">Example</a></li>

  3931. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#supported-xpath-syntax">Supported XPath syntax</a></li>

  3932. </ul>

  3933. </li>

  3934. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#reference">Reference</a><ul>

  3935. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  3936. </ul>

  3937. </li>

  3938. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xinclude-support">XInclude support</a><ul>

  3939. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#id3">Example</a></li>

  3940. </ul>

  3941. </li>

  3942. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#id4">Reference</a><ul>

  3943. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementinclude-functions">Functions</a></li>

  3944. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#element-objects">Element Objects</a></li>

  3945. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementtree-objects">ElementTree Objects</a></li>

  3946. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#qname-objects">QName Objects</a></li>

  3947. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#treebuilder-objects">TreeBuilder Objects</a></li>

  3948. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlparser-objects">XMLParser Objects</a></li>

  3949. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlpullparser-objects">XMLPullParser Objects</a></li>

  3950. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3951. </ul>

  3952. </li>

  3953. </ul>

  3954. </li>

  3955. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code> — The Document Object Model API</a><ul>

  3956. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li>

  3957. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#objects-in-the-dom">Objects in the DOM</a><ul>

  3958. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#domimplementation-objects">DOMImplementation Objects</a></li>

  3959. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#node-objects">Node Objects</a></li>

  3960. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#nodelist-objects">NodeList Objects</a></li>

  3961. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#documenttype-objects">DocumentType Objects</a></li>

  3962. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#document-objects">Document Objects</a></li>

  3963. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#element-objects">Element Objects</a></li>

  3964. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#attr-objects">Attr Objects</a></li>

  3965. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#namednodemap-objects">NamedNodeMap Objects</a></li>

  3966. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#comment-objects">Comment Objects</a></li>

  3967. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#text-and-cdatasection-objects">Text and CDATASection Objects</a></li>

  3968. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#processinginstruction-objects">ProcessingInstruction Objects</a></li>

  3969. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  3970. </ul>

  3971. </li>

  3972. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#conformance">Conformance</a><ul>

  3973. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#type-mapping">Type Mapping</a></li>

  3974. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#accessor-methods">Accessor Methods</a></li>

  3975. </ul>

  3976. </li>

  3977. </ul>

  3978. </li>

  3979. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a><ul>

  3980. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-objects">DOM Objects</a></li>

  3981. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-example">DOM Example</a></li>

  3982. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">minidom and the DOM standard</a></li>

  3983. </ul>

  3984. </li>

  3985. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a><ul>

  3986. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#domeventstream-objects">DOMEventStream Objects</a></li>

  3987. </ul>

  3988. </li>

  3989. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a><ul>

  3990. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html#saxexception-objects">SAXException Objects</a></li>

  3991. </ul>

  3992. </li>

  3993. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a><ul>

  3994. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#contenthandler-objects">ContentHandler Objects</a></li>

  3995. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#dtdhandler-objects">DTDHandler Objects</a></li>

  3996. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#entityresolver-objects">EntityResolver Objects</a></li>

  3997. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#errorhandler-objects">ErrorHandler Objects</a></li>

  3998. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#lexicalhandler-objects">LexicalHandler Objects</a></li>

  3999. </ul>

  4000. </li>

  4001. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code> — SAX Utilities</a></li>

  4002. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></code> — Interface for XML parsers</a><ul>

  4003. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#xmlreader-objects">XMLReader Objects</a></li>

  4004. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#incrementalparser-objects">IncrementalParser Objects</a></li>

  4005. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#locator-objects">Locator Objects</a></li>

  4006. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#inputsource-objects">InputSource Objects</a></li>

  4007. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributes-interface">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Attributes</span></code> Interface</a></li>

  4008. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributesns-interface">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributesNS</span></code> Interface</a></li>

  4009. </ul>

  4010. </li>

  4011. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a><ul>

  4012. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#xmlparser-objects">XMLParser Objects</a></li>

  4013. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#expaterror-exceptions">ExpatError Exceptions</a></li>

  4014. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#example">Example</a></li>

  4015. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.model">Content Model Descriptions</a></li>

  4016. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors">Expat error constants</a></li>

  4017. </ul>

  4018. </li>

  4019. </ul>

  4020. </li>

  4021. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/internet.html">Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul>

  4022. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient web-browser controller</a><ul>

  4023. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">Browser Controller Objects</a></li>

  4024. </ul>

  4025. </li>

  4026. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul>

  4027. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li>

  4028. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li>

  4029. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li>

  4030. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li>

  4031. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li>

  4032. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.types"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.types</span></code> – WSGI types for static type checking</a></li>

  4033. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  4034. </ul>

  4035. </li>

  4036. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li>

  4037. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul>

  4038. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#request-objects">Request Objects</a></li>

  4039. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">OpenerDirector Objects</a></li>

  4040. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects">BaseHandler Objects</a></li>

  4041. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li>

  4042. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li>

  4043. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">ProxyHandler Objects</a></li>

  4044. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li>

  4045. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects</a></li>

  4046. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>

  4047. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>

  4048. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>

  4049. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>

  4050. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>

  4051. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>

  4052. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects">HTTPHandler Objects</a></li>

  4053. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects">HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li>

  4054. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects">FileHandler Objects</a></li>

  4055. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#datahandler-objects">DataHandler Objects</a></li>

  4056. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects">FTPHandler Objects</a></li>

  4057. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects">CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li>

  4058. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects">UnknownHandler Objects</a></li>

  4059. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li>

  4060. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  4061. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">Legacy interface</a></li>

  4062. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> Restrictions</a></li>

  4063. </ul>

  4064. </li>

  4065. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>

  4066. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>

  4067. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-parsing">URL Parsing</a></li>

  4068. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-parsing-security">URL parsing security</a></li>

  4069. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>

  4070. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results">Structured Parse Results</a></li>

  4071. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">URL Quoting</a></li>

  4072. </ul>

  4073. </li>

  4074. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.error.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>

  4075. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> —  Parser for robots.txt</a></li>

  4076. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a><ul>

  4077. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html#http-status-codes">HTTP status codes</a></li>

  4078. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html#http-status-category">HTTP status category</a></li>

  4079. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.html#http-methods">HTTP methods</a></li>

  4080. </ul>

  4081. </li>

  4082. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>

  4083. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>

  4084. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>

  4085. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  4086. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>

  4087. </ul>

  4088. </li>

  4089. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul>

  4090. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#reference">Reference</a><ul>

  4091. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-objects">FTP objects</a></li>

  4092. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">FTP_TLS objects</a></li>

  4093. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#module-variables">Module variables</a></li>

  4094. </ul>

  4095. </li>

  4096. </ul>

  4097. </li>

  4098. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul>

  4099. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-objects">POP3 Objects</a></li>

  4100. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-example">POP3 Example</a></li>

  4101. </ul>

  4102. </li>

  4103. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul>

  4104. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-objects">IMAP4 Objects</a></li>

  4105. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-example">IMAP4 Example</a></li>

  4106. </ul>

  4107. </li>

  4108. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul>

  4109. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-objects">SMTP Objects</a></li>

  4110. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-example">SMTP Example</a></li>

  4111. </ul>

  4112. </li>

  4113. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to <strong>RFC 4122</strong></a><ul>

  4114. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li>

  4115. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#example">Example</a></li>

  4116. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#command-line-example">Command-Line Example</a></li>

  4117. </ul>

  4118. </li>

  4119. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul>

  4120. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">Server Creation Notes</a></li>

  4121. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li>

  4122. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">Request Handler Objects</a></li>

  4123. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  4124. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.TCPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>

  4125. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.UDPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>

  4126. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">Asynchronous Mixins</a></li>

  4127. </ul>

  4128. </li>

  4129. </ul>

  4130. </li>

  4131. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a><ul>

  4132. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server.html#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li>

  4133. </ul>

  4134. </li>

  4135. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul>

  4136. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li>

  4137. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#morsel-objects">Morsel Objects</a></li>

  4138. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#example">Example</a></li>

  4139. </ul>

  4140. </li>

  4141. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul>

  4142. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li>

  4143. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li>

  4144. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">CookiePolicy Objects</a></li>

  4145. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li>

  4146. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li>

  4147. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  4148. </ul>

  4149. </li>

  4150. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc</span></code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li>

  4151. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul>

  4152. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects">ServerProxy Objects</a></li>

  4153. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects">DateTime Objects</a></li>

  4154. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects">Binary Objects</a></li>

  4155. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects">Fault Objects</a></li>

  4156. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects">ProtocolError Objects</a></li>

  4157. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects">MultiCall Objects</a></li>

  4158. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions">Convenience Functions</a></li>

  4159. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage">Example of Client Usage</a></li>

  4160. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li>

  4161. </ul>

  4162. </li>

  4163. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a><ul>

  4164. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul>

  4165. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li>

  4166. </ul>

  4167. </li>

  4168. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>

  4169. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#documenting-xmlrpc-server">Documenting XMLRPC server</a></li>

  4170. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li>

  4171. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>

  4172. </ul>

  4173. </li>

  4174. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a><ul>

  4175. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#convenience-factory-functions">Convenience factory functions</a></li>

  4176. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-addresses">IP Addresses</a><ul>

  4177. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#address-objects">Address objects</a></li>

  4178. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#conversion-to-strings-and-integers">Conversion to Strings and Integers</a></li>

  4179. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#operators">Operators</a><ul>

  4180. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#comparison-operators">Comparison operators</a></li>

  4181. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#arithmetic-operators">Arithmetic operators</a></li>

  4182. </ul>

  4183. </li>

  4184. </ul>

  4185. </li>

  4186. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-network-definitions">IP Network definitions</a><ul>

  4187. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#prefix-net-mask-and-host-mask">Prefix, net mask and host mask</a></li>

  4188. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#network-objects">Network objects</a></li>

  4189. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id1">Operators</a><ul>

  4190. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#logical-operators">Logical operators</a></li>

  4191. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#iteration">Iteration</a></li>

  4192. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#networks-as-containers-of-addresses">Networks as containers of addresses</a></li>

  4193. </ul>

  4194. </li>

  4195. </ul>

  4196. </li>

  4197. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#interface-objects">Interface objects</a><ul>

  4198. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id2">Operators</a><ul>

  4199. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id3">Logical operators</a></li>

  4200. </ul>

  4201. </li>

  4202. </ul>

  4203. </li>

  4204. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#other-module-level-functions">Other Module Level Functions</a></li>

  4205. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#custom-exceptions">Custom Exceptions</a></li>

  4206. </ul>

  4207. </li>

  4208. </ul>

  4209. </li>

  4210. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mm.html">Multimedia Services</a><ul>

  4211. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wave</span></code> — Read and write WAV files</a><ul>

  4212. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-read-objects">Wave_read Objects</a></li>

  4213. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-write-objects">Wave_write Objects</a></li>

  4214. </ul>

  4215. </li>

  4216. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/colorsys.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li>

  4217. </ul>

  4218. </li>

  4219. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/i18n.html">Internationalization</a><ul>

  4220. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a><ul>

  4221. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api">GNU <strong class="program">gettext</strong> API</a></li>

  4222. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#class-based-api">Class-based API</a><ul>

  4223. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NullTranslations</span></code> class</a></li>

  4224. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GNUTranslations</span></code> class</a></li>

  4225. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support">Solaris message catalog support</a></li>

  4226. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor">The Catalog constructor</a></li>

  4227. </ul>

  4228. </li>

  4229. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules">Internationalizing your programs and modules</a><ul>

  4230. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-module">Localizing your module</a></li>

  4231. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-application">Localizing your application</a></li>

  4232. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly">Changing languages on the fly</a></li>

  4233. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#deferred-translations">Deferred translations</a></li>

  4234. </ul>

  4235. </li>

  4236. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  4237. </ul>

  4238. </li>

  4239. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a><ul>

  4240. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats">Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a></li>

  4241. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python">For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a></li>

  4242. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs">Access to message catalogs</a></li>

  4243. </ul>

  4244. </li>

  4245. </ul>

  4246. </li>

  4247. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/frameworks.html">Program Frameworks</a><ul>

  4248. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>

  4249. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  4250. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul>

  4251. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#starting-a-turtle-environment">Starting a turtle environment</a></li>

  4252. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#basic-drawing">Basic drawing</a><ul>

  4253. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#pen-control">Pen control</a></li>

  4254. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#the-turtle-s-position">The turtle’s position</a></li>

  4255. </ul>

  4256. </li>

  4257. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#making-algorithmic-patterns">Making algorithmic patterns</a></li>

  4258. </ul>

  4259. </li>

  4260. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to">How to…</a><ul>

  4261. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">Get started as quickly as possible</a></li>

  4262. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#use-the-turtle-module-namespace">Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace</a></li>

  4263. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">Use turtle graphics in a script</a></li>

  4264. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">Use object-oriented turtle graphics</a></li>

  4265. </ul>

  4266. </li>

  4267. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-graphics-reference">Turtle graphics reference</a><ul>

  4268. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li>

  4269. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>

  4270. </ul>

  4271. </li>

  4272. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>

  4273. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li>

  4274. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>

  4275. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li>

  4276. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#id1">Pen control</a><ul>

  4277. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li>

  4278. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#color-control">Color control</a></li>

  4279. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#filling">Filling</a></li>

  4280. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li>

  4281. </ul>

  4282. </li>

  4283. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul>

  4284. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#visibility">Visibility</a></li>

  4285. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#appearance">Appearance</a></li>

  4286. </ul>

  4287. </li>

  4288. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-events">Using events</a></li>

  4289. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li>

  4290. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li>

  4291. </ul>

  4292. </li>

  4293. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>

  4294. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#window-control">Window control</a></li>

  4295. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#animation-control">Animation control</a></li>

  4296. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li>

  4297. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#input-methods">Input methods</a></li>

  4298. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li>

  4299. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>

  4300. </ul>

  4301. </li>

  4302. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#public-classes">Public classes</a></li>

  4303. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#explanation">Explanation</a></li>

  4304. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul>

  4305. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li>

  4306. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>

  4307. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>

  4308. </ul>

  4309. </li>

  4310. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code> — Demo scripts</a></li>

  4311. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>

  4312. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-3-0">Changes since Python 3.0</a></li>

  4313. </ul>

  4314. </li>

  4315. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul>

  4316. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-objects">Cmd Objects</a></li>

  4317. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-example">Cmd Example</a></li>

  4318. </ul>

  4319. </li>

  4320. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a><ul>

  4321. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#shlex-objects">shlex Objects</a></li>

  4322. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#parsing-rules">Parsing Rules</a></li>

  4323. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#improved-compatibility-with-shells">Improved Compatibility with Shells</a></li>

  4324. </ul>

  4325. </li>

  4326. </ul>

  4327. </li>

  4328. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tk.html">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul>

  4329. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a><ul>

  4330. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#architecture">Architecture</a></li>

  4331. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-modules">Tkinter Modules</a></li>

  4332. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-life-preserver">Tkinter Life Preserver</a><ul>

  4333. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-hello-world-program">A Hello World Program</a></li>

  4334. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#important-tk-concepts">Important Tk Concepts</a></li>

  4335. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#understanding-how-tkinter-wraps-tcl-tk">Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tk</a></li>

  4336. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-do-i-what-option-does">How do I…? What option does…?</a></li>

  4337. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#navigating-the-tcl-tk-reference-manual">Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manual</a></li>

  4338. </ul>

  4339. </li>

  4340. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#threading-model">Threading model</a></li>

  4341. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#handy-reference">Handy Reference</a><ul>

  4342. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#setting-options">Setting Options</a></li>

  4343. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-packer">The Packer</a></li>

  4344. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#packer-options">Packer Options</a></li>

  4345. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#coupling-widget-variables">Coupling Widget Variables</a></li>

  4346. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-window-manager">The Window Manager</a></li>

  4347. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tk-option-data-types">Tk Option Data Types</a></li>

  4348. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#bindings-and-events">Bindings and Events</a></li>

  4349. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-index-parameter">The index Parameter</a></li>

  4350. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#images">Images</a></li>

  4351. </ul>

  4352. </li>

  4353. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#file-handlers">File Handlers</a></li>

  4354. </ul>

  4355. </li>

  4356. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.colorchooser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.colorchooser</span></code> — Color choosing dialog</a></li>

  4357. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.font.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.font</span></code> — Tkinter font wrapper</a></li>

  4358. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html">Tkinter Dialogs</a><ul>

  4359. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.simpledialog"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.simpledialog</span></code> — Standard Tkinter input dialogs</a></li>

  4360. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.filedialog"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.filedialog</span></code> — File selection dialogs</a><ul>

  4361. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#native-load-save-dialogs">Native Load/Save Dialogs</a></li>

  4362. </ul>

  4363. </li>

  4364. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog.html#module-tkinter.commondialog"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.commondialog</span></code> — Dialog window templates</a></li>

  4365. </ul>

  4366. </li>

  4367. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.messagebox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.messagebox</span></code> — Tkinter message prompts</a></li>

  4368. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.scrolledtext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li>

  4369. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.dnd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.dnd</span></code> — Drag and drop support</a></li>

  4370. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.ttk</span></code> — Tk themed widgets</a><ul>

  4371. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#using-ttk">Using Ttk</a></li>

  4372. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widgets">Ttk Widgets</a></li>

  4373. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget">Widget</a><ul>

  4374. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#standard-options">Standard Options</a></li>

  4375. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#scrollable-widget-options">Scrollable Widget Options</a></li>

  4376. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#label-options">Label Options</a></li>

  4377. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#compatibility-options">Compatibility Options</a></li>

  4378. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget-states">Widget States</a></li>

  4379. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widget">ttk.Widget</a></li>

  4380. </ul>

  4381. </li>

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  4385. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-combobox">ttk.Combobox</a></li>

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  4398. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id4">Virtual Events</a></li>

  4399. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-notebook">ttk.Notebook</a></li>

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  4425. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-styling">Ttk Styling</a><ul>

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  4431. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a><ul>

  4432. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#using-tix">Using Tix</a></li>

  4433. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-widgets">Tix Widgets</a><ul>

  4434. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#basic-widgets">Basic Widgets</a></li>

  4435. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#file-selectors">File Selectors</a></li>

  4436. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#hierarchical-listbox">Hierarchical ListBox</a></li>

  4437. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tabular-listbox">Tabular ListBox</a></li>

  4438. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#manager-widgets">Manager Widgets</a></li>

  4439. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#image-types">Image Types</a></li>

  4440. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#miscellaneous-widgets">Miscellaneous Widgets</a></li>

  4441. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#form-geometry-manager">Form Geometry Manager</a></li>

  4442. </ul>

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  4444. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-commands">Tix Commands</a></li>

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  4447. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html">IDLE</a><ul>

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  4451. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#format-menu-editor-window-only">Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li>

  4452. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#run-menu-editor-window-only">Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li>

  4453. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#shell-menu-shell-window-only">Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li>

  4454. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#debug-menu-shell-window-only">Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li>

  4455. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#options-menu-shell-and-editor">Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>

  4456. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#window-menu-shell-and-editor">Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>

  4457. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#help-menu-shell-and-editor">Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li>

  4458. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#context-menus">Context menus</a></li>

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  4470. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#text-colors">Text colors</a></li>

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  4473. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#startup-and-code-execution">Startup and Code Execution</a><ul>

  4474. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#command-line-usage">Command line usage</a></li>

  4475. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#startup-failure">Startup failure</a></li>

  4476. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#running-user-code">Running user code</a></li>

  4477. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#user-output-in-shell">User output in Shell</a></li>

  4478. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#developing-tkinter-applications">Developing tkinter applications</a></li>

  4479. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#running-without-a-subprocess">Running without a subprocess</a></li>

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  4483. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#help-sources">Help sources</a></li>

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  4485. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#idle-on-macos">IDLE on macOS</a></li>

  4486. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#extensions">Extensions</a></li>

  4487. </ul>

  4488. </li>

  4489. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#module-idlelib">idlelib</a></li>

  4490. </ul>

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  4492. </ul>

  4493. </li>

  4494. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/development.html">Development Tools</a><ul>

  4495. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code> — Support for type hints</a><ul>

  4496. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#specification-for-the-python-type-system">Specification for the Python Type System</a></li>

  4497. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#type-aliases">Type aliases</a></li>

  4498. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#newtype">NewType</a></li>

  4499. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#annotating-callable-objects">Annotating callable objects</a></li>

  4500. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#generics">Generics</a></li>

  4501. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#annotating-tuples">Annotating tuples</a></li>

  4502. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#the-type-of-class-objects">The type of class objects</a></li>

  4503. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#user-defined-generic-types">User-defined generic types</a></li>

  4504. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#the-any-type">The <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Any</span></code> type</a></li>

  4505. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#nominal-vs-structural-subtyping">Nominal vs structural subtyping</a></li>

  4506. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#module-contents">Module contents</a><ul>

  4507. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#special-typing-primitives">Special typing primitives</a><ul>

  4508. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#special-types">Special types</a></li>

  4509. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#special-forms">Special forms</a></li>

  4510. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#building-generic-types-and-type-aliases">Building generic types and type aliases</a></li>

  4511. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#other-special-directives">Other special directives</a></li>

  4512. </ul>

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  4514. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#protocols">Protocols</a></li>

  4515. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#abcs-for-working-with-io">ABCs for working with IO</a></li>

  4516. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#functions-and-decorators">Functions and decorators</a></li>

  4517. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#introspection-helpers">Introspection helpers</a></li>

  4518. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#constant">Constant</a></li>

  4519. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#deprecated-aliases">Deprecated aliases</a><ul>

  4520. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#aliases-to-built-in-types">Aliases to built-in types</a></li>

  4521. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#aliases-to-types-in-collections">Aliases to types in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code></a></li>

  4522. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#aliases-to-other-concrete-types">Aliases to other concrete types</a></li>

  4523. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#aliases-to-container-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to container ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>

  4524. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#aliases-to-asynchronous-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to asynchronous ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>

  4525. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#aliases-to-other-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to other ABCs in <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></code></a></li>

  4526. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#aliases-to-contextlib-abcs">Aliases to <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> ABCs</a></li>

  4527. </ul>

  4528. </li>

  4529. </ul>

  4530. </li>

  4531. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing.html#deprecation-timeline-of-major-features">Deprecation Timeline of Major Features</a></li>

  4532. </ul>

  4533. </li>

  4534. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pydoc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>

  4535. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode.html">Python Development Mode</a><ul>

  4536. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode.html#effects-of-the-python-development-mode">Effects of the Python Development Mode</a></li>

  4537. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode.html#resourcewarning-example">ResourceWarning Example</a></li>

  4538. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode.html#bad-file-descriptor-error-example">Bad file descriptor error example</a></li>

  4539. </ul>

  4540. </li>

  4541. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>

  4542. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>

  4543. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>

  4544. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-it-works">How It Works</a><ul>

  4545. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>

  4546. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>

  4547. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">What’s the Execution Context?</a></li>

  4548. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">What About Exceptions?</a></li>

  4549. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#option-flags">Option Flags</a></li>

  4550. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#directives">Directives</a></li>

  4551. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#warnings">Warnings</a></li>

  4552. </ul>

  4553. </li>

  4554. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#basic-api">Basic API</a></li>

  4555. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#unittest-api">Unittest API</a></li>

  4556. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#advanced-api">Advanced API</a><ul>

  4557. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctest-objects">DocTest Objects</a></li>

  4558. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#example-objects">Example Objects</a></li>

  4559. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">DocTestFinder objects</a></li>

  4560. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestparser-objects">DocTestParser objects</a></li>

  4561. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects">DocTestRunner objects</a></li>

  4562. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#outputchecker-objects">OutputChecker objects</a></li>

  4563. </ul>

  4564. </li>

  4565. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#debugging">Debugging</a></li>

  4566. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#soapbox">Soapbox</a></li>

  4567. </ul>

  4568. </li>

  4569. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a><ul>

  4570. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#basic-example">Basic example</a></li>

  4571. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul>

  4572. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li>

  4573. </ul>

  4574. </li>

  4575. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-discovery">Test Discovery</a></li>

  4576. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#organizing-test-code">Organizing test code</a></li>

  4577. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code">Re-using old test code</a></li>

  4578. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li>

  4579. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#distinguishing-test-iterations-using-subtests">Distinguishing test iterations using subtests</a></li>

  4580. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#classes-and-functions">Classes and functions</a><ul>

  4581. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-cases">Test cases</a></li>

  4582. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#grouping-tests">Grouping tests</a></li>

  4583. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#loading-and-running-tests">Loading and running tests</a><ul>

  4584. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#load-tests-protocol">load_tests Protocol</a></li>

  4585. </ul>

  4586. </li>

  4587. </ul>

  4588. </li>

  4589. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#class-and-module-fixtures">Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul>

  4590. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass">setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li>

  4591. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li>

  4592. </ul>

  4593. </li>

  4594. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li>

  4595. </ul>

  4596. </li>

  4597. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — mock object library</a><ul>

  4598. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#quick-guide">Quick Guide</a></li>

  4599. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#the-mock-class">The Mock Class</a><ul>

  4600. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#calling">Calling</a></li>

  4601. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li>

  4602. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mock-names-and-the-name-attribute">Mock names and the name attribute</a></li>

  4603. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>

  4604. </ul>

  4605. </li>

  4606. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#the-patchers">The patchers</a><ul>

  4607. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch">patch</a></li>

  4608. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>

  4609. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li>

  4610. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li>

  4611. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li>

  4612. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-builtins">patch builtins</a></li>

  4613. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li>

  4614. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>

  4615. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li>

  4616. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>

  4617. </ul>

  4618. </li>

  4619. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#magicmock-and-magic-method-support">MagicMock and magic method support</a><ul>

  4620. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mocking-magic-methods">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>

  4621. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li>

  4622. </ul>

  4623. </li>

  4624. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#helpers">Helpers</a><ul>

  4625. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#sentinel">sentinel</a></li>

  4626. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#default">DEFAULT</a></li>

  4627. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#call">call</a></li>

  4628. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#create-autospec">create_autospec</a></li>

  4629. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#any">ANY</a></li>

  4630. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#filter-dir">FILTER_DIR</a></li>

  4631. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mock-open">mock_open</a></li>

  4632. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#autospeccing">Autospeccing</a></li>

  4633. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#sealing-mocks">Sealing mocks</a></li>

  4634. </ul>

  4635. </li>

  4636. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#order-of-precedence-of-side-effect-return-value-and-wraps">Order of precedence of <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return_value</span></code> and <em>wraps</em></a></li>

  4637. </ul>

  4638. </li>

  4639. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></code> — getting started</a><ul>

  4640. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock">Using Mock</a><ul>

  4641. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods">Mock Patching Methods</a></li>

  4642. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li>

  4643. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes">Mocking Classes</a></li>

  4644. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks">Naming your mocks</a></li>

  4645. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls">Tracking all Calls</a></li>

  4646. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes">Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>

  4647. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>

  4648. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">Side effect functions and iterables</a></li>

  4649. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-iterators">Mocking asynchronous iterators</a></li>

  4650. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-context-manager">Mocking asynchronous context manager</a></li>

  4651. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>

  4652. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#using-side-effect-to-return-per-file-content">Using side_effect to return per file content</a></li>

  4653. </ul>

  4654. </li>

  4655. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>

  4656. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#further-examples">Further Examples</a><ul>

  4657. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li>

  4658. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li>

  4659. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>

  4660. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>

  4661. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>

  4662. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>

  4663. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>

  4664. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li>

  4665. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>

  4666. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>

  4667. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>

  4668. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>

  4669. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>

  4670. </ul>

  4671. </li>

  4672. </ul>

  4673. </li>

  4674. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html">2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul>

  4675. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#using-2to3">Using 2to3</a></li>

  4676. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#fixers">Fixers</a></li>

  4677. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#module-lib2to3"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></code> — 2to3’s library</a></li>

  4678. </ul>

  4679. </li>

  4680. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a><ul>

  4681. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">Writing Unit Tests for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> package</a></li>

  4682. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.regrtest">Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li>

  4683. </ul>

  4684. </li>

  4685. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li>

  4686. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support.socket_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.socket_helper</span></code> — Utilities for socket tests</a></li>

  4687. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support.script_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.script_helper</span></code> — Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li>

  4688. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support.bytecode_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.bytecode_helper</span></code> — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation</a></li>

  4689. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support.threading_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.threading_helper</span></code> — Utilities for threading tests</a></li>

  4690. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support.os_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.os_helper</span></code> — Utilities for os tests</a></li>

  4691. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support.import_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.import_helper</span></code> — Utilities for import tests</a></li>

  4692. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support.warnings_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support.warnings_helper</span></code> — Utilities for warnings tests</a></li>

  4693. </ul>

  4694. </li>

  4695. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/debug.html">Debugging and Profiling</a><ul>

  4696. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/audit_events.html">Audit events table</a></li>

  4697. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li>

  4698. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code> — Dump the Python traceback</a><ul>

  4699. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback">Dumping the traceback</a></li>

  4700. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#fault-handler-state">Fault handler state</a></li>

  4701. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout">Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout</a></li>

  4702. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal">Dumping the traceback on a user signal</a></li>

  4703. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#issue-with-file-descriptors">Issue with file descriptors</a></li>

  4704. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#example">Example</a></li>

  4705. </ul>

  4706. </li>

  4707. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a><ul>

  4708. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html#debugger-commands">Debugger Commands</a></li>

  4709. </ul>

  4710. </li>

  4711. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html">The Python Profilers</a><ul>

  4712. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#introduction-to-the-profilers">Introduction to the profilers</a></li>

  4713. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#instant-user-s-manual">Instant User’s Manual</a></li>

  4714. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#module-cProfile"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">profile</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></code> Module Reference</a></li>

  4715. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#the-stats-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Stats</span></code> Class</a></li>

  4716. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling">What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a></li>

  4717. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#limitations">Limitations</a></li>

  4718. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#calibration">Calibration</a></li>

  4719. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#using-a-custom-timer">Using a custom timer</a></li>

  4720. </ul>

  4721. </li>

  4722. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>

  4723. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li>

  4724. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#python-interface">Python Interface</a></li>

  4725. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li>

  4726. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  4727. </ul>

  4728. </li>

  4729. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul>

  4730. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a><ul>

  4731. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#main-options">Main options</a></li>

  4732. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#modifiers">Modifiers</a></li>

  4733. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#filters">Filters</a></li>

  4734. </ul>

  4735. </li>

  4736. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#programmatic-interface">Programmatic Interface</a></li>

  4737. </ul>

  4738. </li>

  4739. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracemalloc</span></code> — Trace memory allocations</a><ul>

  4740. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  4741. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#display-the-top-10">Display the top 10</a></li>

  4742. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#compute-differences">Compute differences</a></li>

  4743. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block">Get the traceback of a memory block</a></li>

  4744. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#pretty-top">Pretty top</a><ul>

  4745. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#record-the-current-and-peak-size-of-all-traced-memory-blocks">Record the current and peak size of all traced memory blocks</a></li>

  4746. </ul>

  4747. </li>

  4748. </ul>

  4749. </li>

  4750. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#api">API</a><ul>

  4751. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  4752. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#domainfilter">DomainFilter</a></li>

  4753. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#filter">Filter</a></li>

  4754. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#frame">Frame</a></li>

  4755. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#snapshot">Snapshot</a></li>

  4756. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#statistic">Statistic</a></li>

  4757. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#statisticdiff">StatisticDiff</a></li>

  4758. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#trace">Trace</a></li>

  4759. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc.html#traceback">Traceback</a></li>

  4760. </ul>

  4761. </li>

  4762. </ul>

  4763. </li>

  4764. </ul>

  4765. </li>

  4766. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/distribution.html">Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul>

  4767. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensurepip</span></code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> installer</a><ul>

  4768. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html#command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></li>

  4769. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip.html#module-api">Module API</a></li>

  4770. </ul>

  4771. </li>

  4772. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> — Creation of virtual environments</a><ul>

  4773. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments">Creating virtual environments</a></li>

  4774. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#how-venvs-work">How venvs work</a></li>

  4775. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#api">API</a></li>

  4776. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#an-example-of-extending-envbuilder">An example of extending <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EnvBuilder</span></code></a></li>

  4777. </ul>

  4778. </li>

  4779. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code> — Manage executable Python zip archives</a><ul>

  4780. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#basic-example">Basic Example</a></li>

  4781. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li>

  4782. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#python-api">Python API</a></li>

  4783. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  4784. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#specifying-the-interpreter">Specifying the Interpreter</a></li>

  4785. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#creating-standalone-applications-with-zipapp">Creating Standalone Applications with zipapp</a><ul>

  4786. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#caveats">Caveats</a></li>

  4787. </ul>

  4788. </li>

  4789. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp.html#the-python-zip-application-archive-format">The Python Zip Application Archive Format</a></li>

  4790. </ul>

  4791. </li>

  4792. </ul>

  4793. </li>

  4794. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/python.html">Python Runtime Services</a><ul>

  4795. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li>

  4796. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.monitoring</span></code> — Execution event monitoring</a><ul>

  4797. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#tool-identifiers">Tool identifiers</a><ul>

  4798. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#registering-and-using-tools">Registering and using tools</a></li>

  4799. </ul>

  4800. </li>

  4801. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#events">Events</a><ul>

  4802. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#local-events">Local events</a></li>

  4803. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#ancillary-events">Ancillary events</a></li>

  4804. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#other-events">Other events</a></li>

  4805. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#the-stop-iteration-event">The STOP_ITERATION event</a></li>

  4806. </ul>

  4807. </li>

  4808. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#turning-events-on-and-off">Turning events on and off</a><ul>

  4809. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#setting-events-globally">Setting events globally</a></li>

  4810. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#per-code-object-events">Per code object events</a></li>

  4811. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#disabling-events">Disabling events</a></li>

  4812. </ul>

  4813. </li>

  4814. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#registering-callback-functions">Registering callback functions</a><ul>

  4815. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring.html#callback-function-arguments">Callback function arguments</a></li>

  4816. </ul>

  4817. </li>

  4818. </ul>

  4819. </li>

  4820. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a><ul>

  4821. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#configuration-variables">Configuration variables</a></li>

  4822. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#installation-paths">Installation paths</a></li>

  4823. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#user-scheme">User scheme</a><ul>

  4824. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#posix-user"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix_user</span></code></a></li>

  4825. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#nt-user"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nt_user</span></code></a></li>

  4826. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#osx-framework-user"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">osx_framework_user</span></code></a></li>

  4827. </ul>

  4828. </li>

  4829. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#home-scheme">Home scheme</a><ul>

  4830. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#posix-home"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix_home</span></code></a></li>

  4831. </ul>

  4832. </li>

  4833. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#prefix-scheme">Prefix scheme</a><ul>

  4834. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#posix-prefix"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix_prefix</span></code></a></li>

  4835. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#nt"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nt</span></code></a></li>

  4836. </ul>

  4837. </li>

  4838. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#installation-path-functions">Installation path functions</a></li>

  4839. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#other-functions">Other functions</a></li>

  4840. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#using-sysconfig-as-a-script">Using <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> as a script</a></li>

  4841. </ul>

  4842. </li>

  4843. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/builtins.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">builtins</span></code> — Built-in objects</a></li>

  4844. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> — Top-level code environment</a><ul>

  4845. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html#name-main"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'__main__'</span></code></a><ul>

  4846. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html#what-is-the-top-level-code-environment">What is the “top-level code environment”?</a></li>

  4847. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html#idiomatic-usage">Idiomatic Usage</a></li>

  4848. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html#packaging-considerations">Packaging Considerations</a></li>

  4849. </ul>

  4850. </li>

  4851. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html#main-py-in-python-packages"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> in Python Packages</a><ul>

  4852. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html#id1">Idiomatic Usage</a></li>

  4853. </ul>

  4854. </li>

  4855. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html#import-main"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a></li>

  4856. </ul>

  4857. </li>

  4858. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code> — Warning control</a><ul>

  4859. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#warning-categories">Warning Categories</a></li>

  4860. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#the-warnings-filter">The Warnings Filter</a><ul>

  4861. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#describing-warning-filters">Describing Warning Filters</a></li>

  4862. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#default-warning-filter">Default Warning Filter</a></li>

  4863. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#overriding-the-default-filter">Overriding the default filter</a></li>

  4864. </ul>

  4865. </li>

  4866. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#temporarily-suppressing-warnings">Temporarily Suppressing Warnings</a></li>

  4867. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#testing-warnings">Testing Warnings</a></li>

  4868. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#updating-code-for-new-versions-of-dependencies">Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies</a></li>

  4869. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-functions">Available Functions</a></li>

  4870. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-context-managers">Available Context Managers</a></li>

  4871. </ul>

  4872. </li>

  4873. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dataclasses</span></code> — Data Classes</a><ul>

  4874. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#module-contents">Module contents</a></li>

  4875. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#post-init-processing">Post-init processing</a></li>

  4876. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#class-variables">Class variables</a></li>

  4877. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#init-only-variables">Init-only variables</a></li>

  4878. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#frozen-instances">Frozen instances</a></li>

  4879. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#inheritance">Inheritance</a></li>

  4880. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#re-ordering-of-keyword-only-parameters-in-init">Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__()</span></code></a></li>

  4881. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#default-factory-functions">Default factory functions</a></li>

  4882. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#mutable-default-values">Mutable default values</a></li>

  4883. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses.html#descriptor-typed-fields">Descriptor-typed fields</a></li>

  4884. </ul>

  4885. </li>

  4886. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> — Utilities for <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code>-statement contexts</a><ul>

  4887. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#utilities">Utilities</a></li>

  4888. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a><ul>

  4889. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#supporting-a-variable-number-of-context-managers">Supporting a variable number of context managers</a></li>

  4890. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#catching-exceptions-from-enter-methods">Catching exceptions from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></code> methods</a></li>

  4891. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#cleaning-up-in-an-enter-implementation">Cleaning up in an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></code> implementation</a></li>

  4892. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#replacing-any-use-of-try-finally-and-flag-variables">Replacing any use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try-finally</span></code> and flag variables</a></li>

  4893. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#using-a-context-manager-as-a-function-decorator">Using a context manager as a function decorator</a></li>

  4894. </ul>

  4895. </li>

  4896. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#single-use-reusable-and-reentrant-context-managers">Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers</a><ul>

  4897. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#reentrant-context-managers">Reentrant context managers</a></li>

  4898. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#reusable-context-managers">Reusable context managers</a></li>

  4899. </ul>

  4900. </li>

  4901. </ul>

  4902. </li>

  4903. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li>

  4904. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a><ul>

  4905. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html#atexit-example"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> Example</a></li>

  4906. </ul>

  4907. </li>

  4908. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul>

  4909. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#tracebackexception-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TracebackException</span></code> Objects</a></li>

  4910. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#stacksummary-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StackSummary</span></code> Objects</a></li>

  4911. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#framesummary-objects"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FrameSummary</span></code> Objects</a></li>

  4912. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#traceback-examples">Traceback Examples</a></li>

  4913. </ul>

  4914. </li>

  4915. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__future__.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a><ul>

  4916. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__future__.html#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li>

  4917. </ul>

  4918. </li>

  4919. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li>

  4920. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code> — Inspect live objects</a><ul>

  4921. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#types-and-members">Types and members</a></li>

  4922. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#retrieving-source-code">Retrieving source code</a></li>

  4923. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#introspecting-callables-with-the-signature-object">Introspecting callables with the Signature object</a></li>

  4924. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#classes-and-functions">Classes and functions</a></li>

  4925. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack">The interpreter stack</a></li>

  4926. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#fetching-attributes-statically">Fetching attributes statically</a></li>

  4927. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#current-state-of-generators-coroutines-and-asynchronous-generators">Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators</a></li>

  4928. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#code-objects-bit-flags">Code Objects Bit Flags</a></li>

  4929. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#buffer-flags">Buffer flags</a></li>

  4930. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a></li>

  4931. </ul>

  4932. </li>

  4933. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a><ul>

  4934. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#module-sitecustomize"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sitecustomize</span></code></a></li>

  4935. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#module-usercustomize"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">usercustomize</span></code></a></li>

  4936. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#readline-configuration">Readline configuration</a></li>

  4937. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#module-contents">Module contents</a></li>

  4938. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a></li>

  4939. </ul>

  4940. </li>

  4941. </ul>

  4942. </li>

  4943. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/custominterp.html">Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul>

  4944. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a><ul>

  4945. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-interpreter-objects">Interactive Interpreter Objects</a></li>

  4946. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-console-objects">Interactive Console Objects</a></li>

  4947. </ul>

  4948. </li>

  4949. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codeop.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code> — Compile Python code</a></li>

  4950. </ul>

  4951. </li>

  4952. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modules.html">Importing Modules</a><ul>

  4953. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a><ul>

  4954. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#zipimporter-objects">zipimporter Objects</a></li>

  4955. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  4956. </ul>

  4957. </li>

  4958. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pkgutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li>

  4959. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a><ul>

  4960. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html#example-usage-of-modulefinder">Example usage of <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ModuleFinder</span></code></a></li>

  4961. </ul>

  4962. </li>

  4963. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/runpy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li>

  4964. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — The implementation of <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code></a><ul>

  4965. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  4966. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  4967. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.abc"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.abc</span></code> – Abstract base classes related to import</a></li>

  4968. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.machinery</span></code> – Importers and path hooks</a></li>

  4969. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.util"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.util</span></code> – Utility code for importers</a></li>

  4970. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  4971. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#importing-programmatically">Importing programmatically</a></li>

  4972. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported">Checking if a module can be imported</a></li>

  4973. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#importing-a-source-file-directly">Importing a source file directly</a></li>

  4974. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#implementing-lazy-imports">Implementing lazy imports</a></li>

  4975. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#setting-up-an-importer">Setting up an importer</a></li>

  4976. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#approximating-importlib-import-module">Approximating <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.import_module()</span></code></a></li>

  4977. </ul>

  4978. </li>

  4979. </ul>

  4980. </li>

  4981. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.resources</span></code> – Package resource reading, opening and access</a><ul>

  4982. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources.html#deprecated-functions">Deprecated functions</a></li>

  4983. </ul>

  4984. </li>

  4985. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.resources.abc</span></code> – Abstract base classes for resources</a></li>

  4986. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.metadata</span></code> – Accessing package metadata</a><ul>

  4987. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#overview">Overview</a></li>

  4988. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#functional-api">Functional API</a><ul>

  4989. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#entry-points">Entry points</a></li>

  4990. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-metadata">Distribution metadata</a></li>

  4991. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-versions">Distribution versions</a></li>

  4992. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-files">Distribution files</a></li>

  4993. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-requirements">Distribution requirements</a></li>

  4994. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#mapping-import-to-distribution-packages">Mapping import to distribution packages</a></li>

  4995. </ul>

  4996. </li>

  4997. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distributions">Distributions</a></li>

  4998. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#distribution-discovery">Distribution Discovery</a></li>

  4999. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata.html#extending-the-search-algorithm">Extending the search algorithm</a></li>

  5000. </ul>

  5001. </li>

  5002. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init.html">The initialization of the <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> module search path</a><ul>

  5003. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init.html#virtual-environments">Virtual environments</a></li>

  5004. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init.html#pth-files">_pth files</a></li>

  5005. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init.html#embedded-python">Embedded Python</a></li>

  5006. </ul>

  5007. </li>

  5008. </ul>

  5009. </li>

  5010. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/language.html">Python Language Services</a><ul>

  5011. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a><ul>

  5012. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#abstract-grammar">Abstract Grammar</a></li>

  5013. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#node-classes">Node classes</a><ul>

  5014. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#root-nodes">Root nodes</a></li>

  5015. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#literals">Literals</a></li>

  5016. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#variables">Variables</a></li>

  5017. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#expressions">Expressions</a><ul>

  5018. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#subscripting">Subscripting</a></li>

  5019. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#comprehensions">Comprehensions</a></li>

  5020. </ul>

  5021. </li>

  5022. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#statements">Statements</a><ul>

  5023. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#imports">Imports</a></li>

  5024. </ul>

  5025. </li>

  5026. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#control-flow">Control flow</a></li>

  5027. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#pattern-matching">Pattern matching</a></li>

  5028. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#type-parameters">Type parameters</a></li>

  5029. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#function-and-class-definitions">Function and class definitions</a></li>

  5030. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#async-and-await">Async and await</a></li>

  5031. </ul>

  5032. </li>

  5033. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#ast-helpers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> Helpers</a></li>

  5034. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#compiler-flags">Compiler Flags</a></li>

  5035. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li>

  5036. </ul>

  5037. </li>

  5038. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a><ul>

  5039. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#generating-symbol-tables">Generating Symbol Tables</a></li>

  5040. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#examining-symbol-tables">Examining Symbol Tables</a></li>

  5041. </ul>

  5042. </li>

  5043. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/token.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>

  5044. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/keyword.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li>

  5045. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a><ul>

  5046. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#tokenizing-input">Tokenizing Input</a></li>

  5047. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li>

  5048. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  5049. </ul>

  5050. </li>

  5051. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tabnanny.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li>

  5052. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python module browser support</a><ul>

  5053. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#function-objects">Function Objects</a></li>

  5054. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#class-objects">Class Objects</a></li>

  5055. </ul>

  5056. </li>

  5057. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a><ul>

  5058. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile.html#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li>

  5059. </ul>

  5060. </li>

  5061. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a><ul>

  5062. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#command-line-use">Command-line use</a></li>

  5063. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#public-functions">Public functions</a></li>

  5064. </ul>

  5065. </li>

  5066. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>

  5067. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li>

  5068. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#bytecode-analysis">Bytecode analysis</a></li>

  5069. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#analysis-functions">Analysis functions</a></li>

  5070. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>

  5071. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#opcode-collections">Opcode collections</a></li>

  5072. </ul>

  5073. </li>

  5074. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a><ul>

  5075. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-usage">Command line usage</a><ul>

  5076. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li>

  5077. </ul>

  5078. </li>

  5079. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#programmatic-interface">Programmatic Interface</a></li>

  5080. </ul>

  5081. </li>

  5082. </ul>

  5083. </li>

  5084. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/windows.html">MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul>

  5085. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul>

  5086. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#file-operations">File Operations</a></li>

  5087. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#console-i-o">Console I/O</a></li>

  5088. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#other-functions">Other Functions</a></li>

  5089. </ul>

  5090. </li>

  5091. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">winreg</span></code> — Windows registry access</a><ul>

  5092. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  5093. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#constants">Constants</a><ul>

  5094. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#hkey-constants">HKEY_* Constants</a></li>

  5095. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#access-rights">Access Rights</a><ul>

  5096. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#bit-specific">64-bit Specific</a></li>

  5097. </ul>

  5098. </li>

  5099. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#value-types">Value Types</a></li>

  5100. </ul>

  5101. </li>

  5102. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#registry-handle-objects">Registry Handle Objects</a></li>

  5103. </ul>

  5104. </li>

  5105. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winsound.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">winsound</span></code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li>

  5106. </ul>

  5107. </li>

  5108. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unix.html">Unix Specific Services</a><ul>

  5109. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a><ul>

  5110. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#large-file-support">Large File Support</a></li>

  5111. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#notable-module-contents">Notable Module Contents</a></li>

  5112. </ul>

  5113. </li>

  5114. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database</a></li>

  5115. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/grp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></li>

  5116. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">termios</span></code> — POSIX style tty control</a><ul>

  5117. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html#example">Example</a></li>

  5118. </ul>

  5119. </li>

  5120. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tty</span></code> — Terminal control functions</a></li>

  5121. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a><ul>

  5122. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html#example">Example</a></li>

  5123. </ul>

  5124. </li>

  5125. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fcntl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> — The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ioctl</span></code> system calls</a></li>

  5126. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resource</span></code> — Resource usage information</a><ul>

  5127. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-limits">Resource Limits</a></li>

  5128. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-usage">Resource Usage</a></li>

  5129. </ul>

  5130. </li>

  5131. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">syslog</span></code> — Unix syslog library routines</a><ul>

  5132. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>

  5133. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#simple-example">Simple example</a></li>

  5134. </ul>

  5135. </li>

  5136. </ul>

  5137. </li>

  5138. </ul>

  5139. </li>

  5140. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmdline.html">Modules command-line interface (CLI)</a></li>

  5141. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/superseded.html">Superseded Modules</a><ul>

  5142. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aifc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aifc</span></code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li>

  5143. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/audioop.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">audioop</span></code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li>

  5144. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul>

  5145. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  5146. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">Using the cgi module</a></li>

  5147. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#higher-level-interface">Higher Level Interface</a></li>

  5148. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#functions">Functions</a></li>

  5149. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#caring-about-security">Caring about security</a></li>

  5150. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li>

  5151. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">Testing your CGI script</a></li>

  5152. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">Debugging CGI scripts</a></li>

  5153. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">Common problems and solutions</a></li>

  5154. </ul>

  5155. </li>

  5156. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgitb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li>

  5157. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/chunk.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">chunk</span></code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li>

  5158. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a><ul>

  5159. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#hashing-methods">Hashing Methods</a></li>

  5160. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#module-attributes">Module Attributes</a></li>

  5161. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#module-functions">Module Functions</a></li>

  5162. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  5163. </ul>

  5164. </li>

  5165. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imghdr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li>

  5166. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailcap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li>

  5167. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a><ul>

  5168. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#database-objects">Database Objects</a></li>

  5169. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#view-objects">View Objects</a></li>

  5170. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#summary-information-objects">Summary Information Objects</a></li>

  5171. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#record-objects">Record Objects</a></li>

  5172. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#errors">Errors</a></li>

  5173. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#cab-objects">CAB Objects</a></li>

  5174. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#directory-objects">Directory Objects</a></li>

  5175. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#features">Features</a></li>

  5176. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#gui-classes">GUI classes</a></li>

  5177. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#precomputed-tables">Precomputed tables</a></li>

  5178. </ul>

  5179. </li>

  5180. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nis.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nis</span></code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li>

  5181. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul>

  5182. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#nntp-objects">NNTP Objects</a><ul>

  5183. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#attributes">Attributes</a></li>

  5184. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#methods">Methods</a></li>

  5185. </ul>

  5186. </li>

  5187. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li>

  5188. </ul>

  5189. </li>

  5190. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a><ul>

  5191. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#background">Background</a><ul>

  5192. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#terminology">Terminology</a></li>

  5193. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-options-for">What are options for?</a></li>

  5194. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for">What are positional arguments for?</a></li>

  5195. </ul>

  5196. </li>

  5197. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul>

  5198. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#understanding-option-actions">Understanding option actions</a></li>

  5199. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#the-store-action">The store action</a></li>

  5200. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options">Handling boolean (flag) options</a></li>

  5201. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-actions">Other actions</a></li>

  5202. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#default-values">Default values</a></li>

  5203. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#generating-help">Generating help</a><ul>

  5204. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#grouping-options">Grouping Options</a></li>

  5205. </ul>

  5206. </li>

  5207. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#printing-a-version-string">Printing a version string</a></li>

  5208. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors">How <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> handles errors</a></li>

  5209. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#putting-it-all-together">Putting it all together</a></li>

  5210. </ul>

  5211. </li>

  5212. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#reference-guide">Reference Guide</a><ul>

  5213. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#creating-the-parser">Creating the parser</a></li>

  5214. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#populating-the-parser">Populating the parser</a></li>

  5215. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-options">Defining options</a></li>

  5216. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-attributes">Option attributes</a></li>

  5217. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-actions">Standard option actions</a></li>

  5218. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-types">Standard option types</a></li>

  5219. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a></li>

  5220. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser">Querying and manipulating your option parser</a></li>

  5221. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#conflicts-between-options">Conflicts between options</a></li>

  5222. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#cleanup">Cleanup</a></li>

  5223. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-methods">Other methods</a></li>

  5224. </ul>

  5225. </li>

  5226. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-callbacks">Option Callbacks</a><ul>

  5227. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option">Defining a callback option</a></li>

  5228. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called">How callbacks are called</a></li>

  5229. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback">Raising errors in a callback</a></li>

  5230. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback">Callback example 1: trivial callback</a></li>

  5231. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order">Callback example 2: check option order</a></li>

  5232. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized">Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)</a></li>

  5233. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition">Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition</a></li>

  5234. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments">Callback example 5: fixed arguments</a></li>

  5235. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments">Callback example 6: variable arguments</a></li>

  5236. </ul>

  5237. </li>

  5238. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#extending-optparse">Extending <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code></a><ul>

  5239. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-types">Adding new types</a></li>

  5240. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-actions">Adding new actions</a></li>

  5241. </ul>

  5242. </li>

  5243. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  5244. </ul>

  5245. </li>

  5246. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a><ul>

  5247. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#audio-device-objects">Audio Device Objects</a></li>

  5248. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#mixer-device-objects">Mixer Device Objects</a></li>

  5249. </ul>

  5250. </li>

  5251. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a><ul>

  5252. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html#template-objects">Template Objects</a></li>

  5253. </ul>

  5254. </li>

  5255. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sndhdr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li>

  5256. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/spwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code> — The shadow password database</a></li>

  5257. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunau</span></code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a><ul>

  5258. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-read-objects">AU_read Objects</a></li>

  5259. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-write-objects">AU_write Objects</a></li>

  5260. </ul>

  5261. </li>

  5262. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a><ul>

  5263. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">Telnet Objects</a></li>

  5264. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-example">Telnet Example</a></li>

  5265. </ul>

  5266. </li>

  5267. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uu.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uu</span></code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li>

  5268. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a><ul>

  5269. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#packer-objects">Packer Objects</a></li>

  5270. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#unpacker-objects">Unpacker Objects</a></li>

  5271. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  5272. </ul>

  5273. </li>

  5274. </ul>

  5275. </li>

  5276. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/security_warnings.html">Security Considerations</a></li>

  5277. </ul>

  5278. </li>

  5279. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul>

  5280. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#recommended-third-party-tools">Recommended third party tools</a></li>

  5281. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">Creating extensions without third party tools</a><ul>

  5282. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul>

  5283. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li>

  5284. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li>

  5285. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li>

  5286. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li>

  5287. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li>

  5288. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li>

  5289. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li>

  5290. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li>

  5291. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li>

  5292. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a><ul>

  5293. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python">1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python</a></li>

  5294. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#ownership-rules">1.10.2. Ownership Rules</a></li>

  5295. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#thin-ice">1.10.3. Thin Ice</a></li>

  5296. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#null-pointers">1.10.4. NULL Pointers</a></li>

  5297. </ul>

  5298. </li>

  5299. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li>

  5300. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li>

  5301. </ul>

  5302. </li>

  5303. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html">2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial</a><ul>

  5304. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a></li>

  5305. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li>

  5306. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li>

  5307. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li>

  5308. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial.html#subclassing-other-types">2.5. Subclassing other types</a></li>

  5309. </ul>

  5310. </li>

  5311. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html">3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics</a><ul>

  5312. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">3.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li>

  5313. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-presentation">3.2. Object Presentation</a></li>

  5314. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#attribute-management">3.3. Attribute Management</a><ul>

  5315. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#generic-attribute-management">3.3.1. Generic Attribute Management</a></li>

  5316. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-specific-attribute-management">3.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management</a></li>

  5317. </ul>

  5318. </li>

  5319. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-comparison">3.4. Object Comparison</a></li>

  5320. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">3.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li>

  5321. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">3.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li>

  5322. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#more-suggestions">3.7. More Suggestions</a></li>

  5323. </ul>

  5324. </li>

  5325. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions</a><ul>

  5326. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-setuptools">4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptools</a></li>

  5327. </ul>

  5328. </li>

  5329. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html">5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul>

  5330. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">5.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li>

  5331. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li>

  5332. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">5.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li>

  5333. </ul>

  5334. </li>

  5335. </ul>

  5336. </li>

  5337. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application">Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger application</a><ul>

  5338. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html">1. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul>

  5339. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li>

  5340. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li>

  5341. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#pure-embedding">1.3. Pure Embedding</a></li>

  5342. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li>

  5343. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li>

  5344. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li>

  5345. </ul>

  5346. </li>

  5347. </ul>

  5348. </li>

  5349. </ul>

  5350. </li>

  5351. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/index.html">Python/C API Reference Manual</a><ul>

  5352. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul>

  5353. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#coding-standards">Coding standards</a></li>

  5354. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#include-files">Include Files</a></li>

  5355. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#useful-macros">Useful macros</a></li>

  5356. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#objects-types-and-reference-counts">Objects, Types and Reference Counts</a><ul>

  5357. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-counts">Reference Counts</a><ul>

  5358. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-count-details">Reference Count Details</a></li>

  5359. </ul>

  5360. </li>

  5361. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#types">Types</a></li>

  5362. </ul>

  5363. </li>

  5364. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>

  5365. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#embedding-python">Embedding Python</a></li>

  5366. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds">Debugging Builds</a></li>

  5367. </ul>

  5368. </li>

  5369. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html">C API Stability</a><ul>

  5370. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#unstable-c-api">Unstable C API</a></li>

  5371. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#stable-application-binary-interface">Stable Application Binary Interface</a><ul>

  5372. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#limited-c-api">Limited C API</a></li>

  5373. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#stable-abi">Stable ABI</a></li>

  5374. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#limited-api-scope-and-performance">Limited API Scope and Performance</a></li>

  5375. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#limited-api-caveats">Limited API Caveats</a></li>

  5376. </ul>

  5377. </li>

  5378. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#platform-considerations">Platform Considerations</a></li>

  5379. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html#contents-of-limited-api">Contents of Limited API</a></li>

  5380. </ul>

  5381. </li>

  5382. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/veryhigh.html">The Very High Level Layer</a></li>

  5383. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/refcounting.html">Reference Counting</a></li>

  5384. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html">Exception Handling</a><ul>

  5385. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#printing-and-clearing">Printing and clearing</a></li>

  5386. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>

  5387. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#issuing-warnings">Issuing warnings</a></li>

  5388. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#querying-the-error-indicator">Querying the error indicator</a></li>

  5389. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li>

  5390. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#exception-classes">Exception Classes</a></li>

  5391. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#exception-objects">Exception Objects</a></li>

  5392. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li>

  5393. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>

  5394. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li>

  5395. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-warning-categories">Standard Warning Categories</a></li>

  5396. </ul>

  5397. </li>

  5398. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/utilities.html">Utilities</a><ul>

  5399. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li>

  5400. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li>

  5401. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#process-control">Process Control</a></li>

  5402. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/import.html">Importing Modules</a></li>

  5403. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li>

  5404. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a><ul>

  5405. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a><ul>

  5406. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#strings-and-buffers">Strings and buffers</a></li>

  5407. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#numbers">Numbers</a></li>

  5408. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#other-objects">Other objects</a></li>

  5409. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#api-functions">API Functions</a></li>

  5410. </ul>

  5411. </li>

  5412. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#building-values">Building values</a></li>

  5413. </ul>

  5414. </li>

  5415. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li>

  5416. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/hash.html">PyHash API</a></li>

  5417. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/reflection.html">Reflection</a></li>

  5418. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul>

  5419. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li>

  5420. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li>

  5421. </ul>

  5422. </li>

  5423. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/perfmaps.html">Support for Perf Maps</a></li>

  5424. </ul>

  5425. </li>

  5426. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/abstract.html">Abstract Objects Layer</a><ul>

  5427. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/object.html">Object Protocol</a></li>

  5428. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html">Call Protocol</a><ul>

  5429. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#the-tp-call-protocol">The <em>tp_call</em> Protocol</a></li>

  5430. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#the-vectorcall-protocol">The Vectorcall Protocol</a><ul>

  5431. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>

  5432. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#vectorcall-support-api">Vectorcall Support API</a></li>

  5433. </ul>

  5434. </li>

  5435. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#object-calling-api">Object Calling API</a></li>

  5436. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call.html#call-support-api">Call Support API</a></li>

  5437. </ul>

  5438. </li>

  5439. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/number.html">Number Protocol</a></li>

  5440. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sequence.html">Sequence Protocol</a></li>

  5441. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/mapping.html">Mapping Protocol</a></li>

  5442. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iter.html">Iterator Protocol</a></li>

  5443. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html">Buffer Protocol</a><ul>

  5444. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-structure">Buffer structure</a></li>

  5445. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-request-types">Buffer request types</a><ul>

  5446. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#request-independent-fields">request-independent fields</a></li>

  5447. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#readonly-format">readonly, format</a></li>

  5448. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#shape-strides-suboffsets">shape, strides, suboffsets</a></li>

  5449. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#contiguity-requests">contiguity requests</a></li>

  5450. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#compound-requests">compound requests</a></li>

  5451. </ul>

  5452. </li>

  5453. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#complex-arrays">Complex arrays</a><ul>

  5454. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#numpy-style-shape-and-strides">NumPy-style: shape and strides</a></li>

  5455. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#pil-style-shape-strides-and-suboffsets">PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets</a></li>

  5456. </ul>

  5457. </li>

  5458. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-related-functions">Buffer-related functions</a></li>

  5459. </ul>

  5460. </li>

  5461. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objbuffer.html">Old Buffer Protocol</a></li>

  5462. </ul>

  5463. </li>

  5464. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul>

  5465. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a><ul>

  5466. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type.html">Type Objects</a><ul>

  5467. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type.html#creating-heap-allocated-types">Creating Heap-Allocated Types</a></li>

  5468. </ul>

  5469. </li>

  5470. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/none.html">The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> Object</a></li>

  5471. </ul>

  5472. </li>

  5473. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a><ul>

  5474. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/long.html">Integer Objects</a></li>

  5475. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bool.html">Boolean Objects</a></li>

  5476. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html">Floating Point Objects</a><ul>

  5477. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html#pack-and-unpack-functions">Pack and Unpack functions</a><ul>

  5478. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html#pack-functions">Pack functions</a></li>

  5479. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html#unpack-functions">Unpack functions</a></li>

  5480. </ul>

  5481. </li>

  5482. </ul>

  5483. </li>

  5484. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html">Complex Number Objects</a><ul>

  5485. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures">Complex Numbers as C Structures</a></li>

  5486. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects">Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a></li>

  5487. </ul>

  5488. </li>

  5489. </ul>

  5490. </li>

  5491. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a><ul>

  5492. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytes.html">Bytes Objects</a></li>

  5493. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html">Byte Array Objects</a><ul>

  5494. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#type-check-macros">Type check macros</a></li>

  5495. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#direct-api-functions">Direct API functions</a></li>

  5496. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#macros">Macros</a></li>

  5497. </ul>

  5498. </li>

  5499. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a><ul>

  5500. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-objects">Unicode Objects</a><ul>

  5501. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-type">Unicode Type</a></li>

  5502. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-character-properties">Unicode Character Properties</a></li>

  5503. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings">Creating and accessing Unicode strings</a></li>

  5504. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#locale-encoding">Locale Encoding</a></li>

  5505. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#file-system-encoding">File System Encoding</a></li>

  5506. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#wchar-t-support">wchar_t Support</a></li>

  5507. </ul>

  5508. </li>

  5509. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#built-in-codecs">Built-in Codecs</a><ul>

  5510. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#generic-codecs">Generic Codecs</a></li>

  5511. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-8-codecs">UTF-8 Codecs</a></li>

  5512. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-32-codecs">UTF-32 Codecs</a></li>

  5513. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-16-codecs">UTF-16 Codecs</a></li>

  5514. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-7-codecs">UTF-7 Codecs</a></li>

  5515. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs">Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li>

  5516. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs">Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li>

  5517. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#latin-1-codecs">Latin-1 Codecs</a></li>

  5518. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#ascii-codecs">ASCII Codecs</a></li>

  5519. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#character-map-codecs">Character Map Codecs</a></li>

  5520. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows">MBCS codecs for Windows</a></li>

  5521. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-slots">Methods &amp; Slots</a></li>

  5522. </ul>

  5523. </li>

  5524. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions">Methods and Slot Functions</a></li>

  5525. </ul>

  5526. </li>

  5527. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html">Tuple Objects</a></li>

  5528. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html#struct-sequence-objects">Struct Sequence Objects</a></li>

  5529. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/list.html">List Objects</a></li>

  5530. </ul>

  5531. </li>

  5532. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#container-objects">Container Objects</a><ul>

  5533. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/dict.html">Dictionary Objects</a></li>

  5534. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/set.html">Set Objects</a></li>

  5535. </ul>

  5536. </li>

  5537. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#function-objects">Function Objects</a><ul>

  5538. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/function.html">Function Objects</a></li>

  5539. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html">Instance Method Objects</a></li>

  5540. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html#method-objects">Method Objects</a></li>

  5541. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/cell.html">Cell Objects</a></li>

  5542. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code.html">Code Objects</a></li>

  5543. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code.html#extra-information">Extra information</a></li>

  5544. </ul>

  5545. </li>

  5546. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#other-objects">Other Objects</a><ul>

  5547. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/file.html">File Objects</a></li>

  5548. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html">Module Objects</a><ul>

  5549. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#initializing-c-modules">Initializing C modules</a><ul>

  5550. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#single-phase-initialization">Single-phase initialization</a></li>

  5551. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#multi-phase-initialization">Multi-phase initialization</a></li>

  5552. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#low-level-module-creation-functions">Low-level module creation functions</a></li>

  5553. <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#support-functions">Support functions</a></li>

  5554. </ul>

  5555. </li>

  5556. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#module-lookup">Module lookup</a></li>

  5557. </ul>

  5558. </li>

  5559. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iterator.html">Iterator Objects</a></li>

  5560. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/descriptor.html">Descriptor Objects</a></li>

  5561. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice.html">Slice Objects</a><ul>

  5562. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice.html#ellipsis-object">Ellipsis Object</a></li>

  5563. </ul>

  5564. </li>

  5565. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memoryview.html">MemoryView objects</a></li>

  5566. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/weakref.html">Weak Reference Objects</a></li>

  5567. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/capsule.html">Capsules</a></li>

  5568. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/frame.html">Frame Objects</a><ul>

  5569. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/frame.html#internal-frames">Internal Frames</a></li>

  5570. </ul>

  5571. </li>

  5572. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gen.html">Generator Objects</a></li>

  5573. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/coro.html">Coroutine Objects</a></li>

  5574. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/contextvars.html">Context Variables Objects</a></li>

  5575. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/datetime.html">DateTime Objects</a></li>

  5576. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typehints.html">Objects for Type Hinting</a></li>

  5577. </ul>

  5578. </li>

  5579. </ul>

  5580. </li>

  5581. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html">Initialization, Finalization, and Threads</a><ul>

  5582. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#before-python-initialization">Before Python Initialization</a></li>

  5583. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#global-configuration-variables">Global configuration variables</a></li>

  5584. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#initializing-and-finalizing-the-interpreter">Initializing and finalizing the interpreter</a></li>

  5585. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#process-wide-parameters">Process-wide parameters</a></li>

  5586. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-state-and-the-global-interpreter-lock">Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock</a><ul>

  5587. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#releasing-the-gil-from-extension-code">Releasing the GIL from extension code</a></li>

  5588. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#non-python-created-threads">Non-Python created threads</a></li>

  5589. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#cautions-about-fork">Cautions about fork()</a></li>

  5590. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#high-level-api">High-level API</a></li>

  5591. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#low-level-api">Low-level API</a></li>

  5592. </ul>

  5593. </li>

  5594. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#sub-interpreter-support">Sub-interpreter support</a><ul>

  5595. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#a-per-interpreter-gil">A Per-Interpreter GIL</a></li>

  5596. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#bugs-and-caveats">Bugs and caveats</a></li>

  5597. </ul>

  5598. </li>

  5599. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#asynchronous-notifications">Asynchronous Notifications</a></li>

  5600. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#profiling-and-tracing">Profiling and Tracing</a></li>

  5601. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#advanced-debugger-support">Advanced Debugger Support</a></li>

  5602. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-local-storage-support">Thread Local Storage Support</a><ul>

  5603. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-specific-storage-tss-api">Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API</a><ul>

  5604. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#dynamic-allocation">Dynamic Allocation</a></li>

  5605. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#methods">Methods</a></li>

  5606. </ul>

  5607. </li>

  5608. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-local-storage-tls-api">Thread Local Storage (TLS) API</a></li>

  5609. </ul>

  5610. </li>

  5611. </ul>

  5612. </li>

  5613. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html">Python Initialization Configuration</a><ul>

  5614. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#example">Example</a></li>

  5615. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pywidestringlist">PyWideStringList</a></li>

  5616. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pystatus">PyStatus</a></li>

  5617. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pypreconfig">PyPreConfig</a></li>

  5618. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#preinitialize-python-with-pypreconfig">Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfig</a></li>

  5619. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#pyconfig">PyConfig</a></li>

  5620. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#initialization-with-pyconfig">Initialization with PyConfig</a></li>

  5621. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#isolated-configuration">Isolated Configuration</a></li>

  5622. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#python-configuration">Python Configuration</a></li>

  5623. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#python-path-configuration">Python Path Configuration</a></li>

  5624. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#py-runmain">Py_RunMain()</a></li>

  5625. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#py-getargcargv">Py_GetArgcArgv()</a></li>

  5626. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config.html#multi-phase-initialization-private-provisional-api">Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional API</a></li>

  5627. </ul>

  5628. </li>

  5629. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html">Memory Management</a><ul>

  5630. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#overview">Overview</a></li>

  5631. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#allocator-domains">Allocator Domains</a></li>

  5632. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#raw-memory-interface">Raw Memory Interface</a></li>

  5633. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#memory-interface">Memory Interface</a></li>

  5634. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#object-allocators">Object allocators</a></li>

  5635. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#default-memory-allocators">Default Memory Allocators</a></li>

  5636. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#customize-memory-allocators">Customize Memory Allocators</a></li>

  5637. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#debug-hooks-on-the-python-memory-allocators">Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators</a></li>

  5638. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#the-pymalloc-allocator">The pymalloc allocator</a><ul>

  5639. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#customize-pymalloc-arena-allocator">Customize pymalloc Arena Allocator</a></li>

  5640. </ul>

  5641. </li>

  5642. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#tracemalloc-c-api">tracemalloc C API</a></li>

  5643. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  5644. </ul>

  5645. </li>

  5646. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objimpl.html">Object Implementation Support</a><ul>

  5647. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/allocation.html">Allocating Objects on the Heap</a></li>

  5648. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html">Common Object Structures</a><ul>

  5649. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#base-object-types-and-macros">Base object types and macros</a></li>

  5650. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#implementing-functions-and-methods">Implementing functions and methods</a></li>

  5651. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#accessing-attributes-of-extension-types">Accessing attributes of extension types</a><ul>

  5652. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#member-flags">Member flags</a></li>

  5653. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#member-types">Member types</a></li>

  5654. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html#defining-getters-and-setters">Defining Getters and Setters</a></li>

  5655. </ul>

  5656. </li>

  5657. </ul>

  5658. </li>

  5659. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html">Type Objects</a><ul>

  5660. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#quick-reference">Quick Reference</a><ul>

  5661. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#tp-slots">“tp slots”</a></li>

  5662. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#sub-slots">sub-slots</a></li>

  5663. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#slot-typedefs">slot typedefs</a></li>

  5664. </ul>

  5665. </li>

  5666. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pytypeobject-definition">PyTypeObject Definition</a></li>

  5667. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pyobject-slots">PyObject Slots</a></li>

  5668. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pyvarobject-slots">PyVarObject Slots</a></li>

  5669. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#pytypeobject-slots">PyTypeObject Slots</a></li>

  5670. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#static-types">Static Types</a></li>

  5671. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#heap-types">Heap Types</a></li>

  5672. </ul>

  5673. </li>

  5674. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#number-object-structures">Number Object Structures</a></li>

  5675. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#mapping-object-structures">Mapping Object Structures</a></li>

  5676. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#sequence-object-structures">Sequence Object Structures</a></li>

  5677. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#buffer-object-structures">Buffer Object Structures</a></li>

  5678. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#async-object-structures">Async Object Structures</a></li>

  5679. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#slot-type-typedefs">Slot Type typedefs</a></li>

  5680. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  5681. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport.html">Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection</a><ul>

  5682. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport.html#controlling-the-garbage-collector-state">Controlling the Garbage Collector State</a></li>

  5683. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport.html#querying-garbage-collector-state">Querying Garbage Collector State</a></li>

  5684. </ul>

  5685. </li>

  5686. </ul>

  5687. </li>

  5688. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/apiabiversion.html">API and ABI Versioning</a></li>

  5689. </ul>

  5690. </li>

  5691. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html">Installing Python Modules</a><ul>

  5692. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>

  5693. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>

  5694. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#how-do-i">How do I …?</a><ul>

  5695. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4">… install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?</a></li>

  5696. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">… install packages just for the current user?</a></li>

  5697. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#install-scientific-python-packages">… install scientific Python packages?</a></li>

  5698. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li>

  5699. </ul>

  5700. </li>

  5701. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#common-installation-issues">Common installation issues</a><ul>

  5702. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">Installing into the system Python on Linux</a></li>

  5703. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#pip-not-installed">Pip not installed</a></li>

  5704. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index.html#installing-binary-extensions">Installing binary extensions</a></li>

  5705. </ul>

  5706. </li>

  5707. </ul>

  5708. </li>

  5709. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/index.html">Python HOWTOs</a><ul>

  5710. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting.html">Porting Extension Modules to Python 3</a></li>

  5711. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html">Curses Programming with Python</a><ul>

  5712. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#what-is-curses">What is curses?</a><ul>

  5713. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#the-python-curses-module">The Python curses module</a></li>

  5714. </ul>

  5715. </li>

  5716. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#starting-and-ending-a-curses-application">Starting and ending a curses application</a></li>

  5717. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#windows-and-pads">Windows and Pads</a></li>

  5718. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#displaying-text">Displaying Text</a><ul>

  5719. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#attributes-and-color">Attributes and Color</a></li>

  5720. </ul>

  5721. </li>

  5722. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#user-input">User Input</a></li>

  5723. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses.html#for-more-information">For More Information</a></li>

  5724. </ul>

  5725. </li>

  5726. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html">Descriptor Guide</a><ul>

  5727. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#primer">Primer</a><ul>

  5728. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#simple-example-a-descriptor-that-returns-a-constant">Simple example: A descriptor that returns a constant</a></li>

  5729. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#dynamic-lookups">Dynamic lookups</a></li>

  5730. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#managed-attributes">Managed attributes</a></li>

  5731. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#customized-names">Customized names</a></li>

  5732. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#closing-thoughts">Closing thoughts</a></li>

  5733. </ul>

  5734. </li>

  5735. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#complete-practical-example">Complete Practical Example</a><ul>

  5736. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#validator-class">Validator class</a></li>

  5737. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#custom-validators">Custom validators</a></li>

  5738. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#practical-application">Practical application</a></li>

  5739. </ul>

  5740. </li>

  5741. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#technical-tutorial">Technical Tutorial</a><ul>

  5742. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#abstract">Abstract</a></li>

  5743. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#definition-and-introduction">Definition and introduction</a></li>

  5744. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#descriptor-protocol">Descriptor protocol</a></li>

  5745. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#overview-of-descriptor-invocation">Overview of descriptor invocation</a></li>

  5746. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#invocation-from-an-instance">Invocation from an instance</a></li>

  5747. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#invocation-from-a-class">Invocation from a class</a></li>

  5748. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#invocation-from-super">Invocation from super</a></li>

  5749. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#summary-of-invocation-logic">Summary of invocation logic</a></li>

  5750. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#automatic-name-notification">Automatic name notification</a></li>

  5751. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#orm-example">ORM example</a></li>

  5752. </ul>

  5753. </li>

  5754. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#pure-python-equivalents">Pure Python Equivalents</a><ul>

  5755. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#properties">Properties</a></li>

  5756. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#functions-and-methods">Functions and methods</a></li>

  5757. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#kinds-of-methods">Kinds of methods</a></li>

  5758. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#static-methods">Static methods</a></li>

  5759. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#class-methods">Class methods</a></li>

  5760. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor.html#member-objects-and-slots">Member objects and __slots__</a></li>

  5761. </ul>

  5762. </li>

  5763. </ul>

  5764. </li>

  5765. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html">Debugging C API extensions and CPython Internals with GDB</a><ul>

  5766. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a><ul>

  5767. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#setup-with-python-built-from-source">Setup with Python built from source</a></li>

  5768. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#setup-for-python-from-a-linux-distro">Setup for Python from a Linux distro</a></li>

  5769. </ul>

  5770. </li>

  5771. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#using-the-debug-build-and-development-mode">Using the Debug build and Development mode</a></li>

  5772. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#using-the-python-gdb-extension">Using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python-gdb</span></code> extension</a><ul>

  5773. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#pretty-printers">Pretty-printers</a></li>

  5774. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#py-list"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py-list</span></code></a></li>

  5775. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#py-up-and-py-down"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py-up</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py-down</span></code></a></li>

  5776. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#py-bt"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py-bt</span></code></a></li>

  5777. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#py-print"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py-print</span></code></a></li>

  5778. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#py-locals"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py-locals</span></code></a></li>

  5779. </ul>

  5780. </li>

  5781. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/gdb_helpers.html#use-with-gdb-commands">Use with GDB commands</a></li>

  5782. </ul>

  5783. </li>

  5784. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html">Enum HOWTO</a><ul>

  5785. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#programmatic-access-to-enumeration-members-and-their-attributes">Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes</a></li>

  5786. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#duplicating-enum-members-and-values">Duplicating enum members and values</a></li>

  5787. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#ensuring-unique-enumeration-values">Ensuring unique enumeration values</a></li>

  5788. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#using-automatic-values">Using automatic values</a></li>

  5789. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#iteration">Iteration</a></li>

  5790. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li>

  5791. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#allowed-members-and-attributes-of-enumerations">Allowed members and attributes of enumerations</a></li>

  5792. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#restricted-enum-subclassing">Restricted Enum subclassing</a></li>

  5793. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#dataclass-support">Dataclass support</a></li>

  5794. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#pickling">Pickling</a></li>

  5795. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#functional-api">Functional API</a></li>

  5796. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#derived-enumerations">Derived Enumerations</a><ul>

  5797. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#intenum">IntEnum</a></li>

  5798. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#strenum">StrEnum</a></li>

  5799. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#intflag">IntFlag</a></li>

  5800. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#flag">Flag</a></li>

  5801. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#others">Others</a></li>

  5802. </ul>

  5803. </li>

  5804. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#when-to-use-new-vs-init">When to use <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__new__()</span></code> vs. <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__()</span></code></a><ul>

  5805. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#finer-points">Finer Points</a><ul>

  5806. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#supported-dunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dunder__</span></code> names</a></li>

  5807. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#supported-sunder-names">Supported <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_sunder_</span></code> names</a></li>

  5808. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#private-names">_Private__names</a></li>

  5809. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#enum-member-type"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enum</span></code> member type</a></li>

  5810. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#creating-members-that-are-mixed-with-other-data-types">Creating members that are mixed with other data types</a></li>

  5811. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#boolean-value-of-enum-classes-and-members">Boolean value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enum</span></code> classes and members</a></li>

  5812. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#enum-classes-with-methods"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enum</span></code> classes with methods</a></li>

  5813. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#combining-members-of-flag">Combining members of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Flag</span></code></a></li>

  5814. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#flag-and-intflag-minutia"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Flag</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IntFlag</span></code> minutia</a></li>

  5815. </ul>

  5816. </li>

  5817. </ul>

  5818. </li>

  5819. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#how-are-enums-and-flags-different">How are Enums and Flags different?</a><ul>

  5820. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#enum-classes">Enum Classes</a></li>

  5821. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#flag-classes">Flag Classes</a></li>

  5822. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#enum-members-aka-instances">Enum Members (aka instances)</a></li>

  5823. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#flag-members">Flag Members</a></li>

  5824. </ul>

  5825. </li>

  5826. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#enum-cookbook">Enum Cookbook</a><ul>

  5827. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#omitting-values">Omitting values</a><ul>

  5828. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#using-auto">Using <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">auto</span></code></a></li>

  5829. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#using-object">Using <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code></a></li>

  5830. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#using-a-descriptive-string">Using a descriptive string</a></li>

  5831. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#using-a-custom-new">Using a custom <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__new__()</span></code></a></li>

  5832. </ul>

  5833. </li>

  5834. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#orderedenum">OrderedEnum</a></li>

  5835. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#duplicatefreeenum">DuplicateFreeEnum</a></li>

  5836. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#planet">Planet</a></li>

  5837. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#timeperiod">TimePeriod</a></li>

  5838. </ul>

  5839. </li>

  5840. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum.html#subclassing-enumtype">Subclassing EnumType</a></li>

  5841. </ul>

  5842. </li>

  5843. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html">Functional Programming HOWTO</a><ul>

  5844. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#introduction">Introduction</a><ul>

  5845. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#formal-provability">Formal provability</a></li>

  5846. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#modularity">Modularity</a></li>

  5847. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#ease-of-debugging-and-testing">Ease of debugging and testing</a></li>

  5848. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#composability">Composability</a></li>

  5849. </ul>

  5850. </li>

  5851. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#iterators">Iterators</a><ul>

  5852. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#data-types-that-support-iterators">Data Types That Support Iterators</a></li>

  5853. </ul>

  5854. </li>

  5855. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#generator-expressions-and-list-comprehensions">Generator expressions and list comprehensions</a></li>

  5856. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#generators">Generators</a><ul>

  5857. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#passing-values-into-a-generator">Passing values into a generator</a></li>

  5858. </ul>

  5859. </li>

  5860. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#built-in-functions">Built-in functions</a></li>

  5861. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#the-itertools-module">The itertools module</a><ul>

  5862. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#creating-new-iterators">Creating new iterators</a></li>

  5863. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#calling-functions-on-elements">Calling functions on elements</a></li>

  5864. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#selecting-elements">Selecting elements</a></li>

  5865. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#combinatoric-functions">Combinatoric functions</a></li>

  5866. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#grouping-elements">Grouping elements</a></li>

  5867. </ul>

  5868. </li>

  5869. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#the-functools-module">The functools module</a><ul>

  5870. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#the-operator-module">The operator module</a></li>

  5871. </ul>

  5872. </li>

  5873. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#small-functions-and-the-lambda-expression">Small functions and the lambda expression</a></li>

  5874. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#revision-history-and-acknowledgements">Revision History and Acknowledgements</a></li>

  5875. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#references">References</a><ul>

  5876. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#general">General</a></li>

  5877. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#python-specific">Python-specific</a></li>

  5878. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#python-documentation">Python documentation</a></li>

  5879. </ul>

  5880. </li>

  5881. </ul>

  5882. </li>

  5883. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html">Logging HOWTO</a><ul>

  5884. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#basic-logging-tutorial">Basic Logging Tutorial</a><ul>

  5885. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#when-to-use-logging">When to use logging</a></li>

  5886. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#a-simple-example">A simple example</a></li>

  5887. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-to-a-file">Logging to a file</a></li>

  5888. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-variable-data">Logging variable data</a></li>

  5889. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#changing-the-format-of-displayed-messages">Changing the format of displayed messages</a></li>

  5890. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#displaying-the-date-time-in-messages">Displaying the date/time in messages</a></li>

  5891. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#next-steps">Next Steps</a></li>

  5892. </ul>

  5893. </li>

  5894. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#advanced-logging-tutorial">Advanced Logging Tutorial</a><ul>

  5895. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-flow">Logging Flow</a></li>

  5896. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#loggers">Loggers</a></li>

  5897. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#handlers">Handlers</a></li>

  5898. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#formatters">Formatters</a></li>

  5899. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#configuring-logging">Configuring Logging</a></li>

  5900. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#what-happens-if-no-configuration-is-provided">What happens if no configuration is provided</a></li>

  5901. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#configuring-logging-for-a-library">Configuring Logging for a Library</a></li>

  5902. </ul>

  5903. </li>

  5904. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a><ul>

  5905. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#custom-levels">Custom Levels</a></li>

  5906. </ul>

  5907. </li>

  5908. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#useful-handlers">Useful Handlers</a></li>

  5909. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#exceptions-raised-during-logging">Exceptions raised during logging</a></li>

  5910. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#using-arbitrary-objects-as-messages">Using arbitrary objects as messages</a></li>

  5911. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#optimization">Optimization</a></li>

  5912. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#other-resources">Other resources</a></li>

  5913. </ul>

  5914. </li>

  5915. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html">Logging Cookbook</a><ul>

  5916. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-logging-in-multiple-modules">Using logging in multiple modules</a></li>

  5917. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-from-multiple-threads">Logging from multiple threads</a></li>

  5918. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#multiple-handlers-and-formatters">Multiple handlers and formatters</a></li>

  5919. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-multiple-destinations">Logging to multiple destinations</a></li>

  5920. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#custom-handling-of-levels">Custom handling of levels</a></li>

  5921. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#configuration-server-example">Configuration server example</a></li>

  5922. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#dealing-with-handlers-that-block">Dealing with handlers that block</a></li>

  5923. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#sending-and-receiving-logging-events-across-a-network">Sending and receiving logging events across a network</a><ul>

  5924. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#running-a-logging-socket-listener-in-production">Running a logging socket listener in production</a></li>

  5925. </ul>

  5926. </li>

  5927. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#adding-contextual-information-to-your-logging-output">Adding contextual information to your logging output</a><ul>

  5928. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-loggeradapters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information</a><ul>

  5929. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-objects-other-than-dicts-to-pass-contextual-information">Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual information</a></li>

  5930. </ul>

  5931. </li>

  5932. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-filters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using Filters to impart contextual information</a></li>

  5933. </ul>

  5934. </li>

  5935. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#use-of-contextvars">Use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextvars</span></code></a></li>

  5936. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#imparting-contextual-information-in-handlers">Imparting contextual information in handlers</a></li>

  5937. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-a-single-file-from-multiple-processes">Logging to a single file from multiple processes</a><ul>

  5938. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-concurrent-futures-processpoolexecutor">Using concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor</a></li>

  5939. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#deploying-web-applications-using-gunicorn-and-uwsgi">Deploying Web applications using Gunicorn and uWSGI</a></li>

  5940. </ul>

  5941. </li>

  5942. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-file-rotation">Using file rotation</a></li>

  5943. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#use-of-alternative-formatting-styles">Use of alternative formatting styles</a></li>

  5944. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#customizing-logrecord">Customizing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LogRecord</span></code></a></li>

  5945. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuehandler-and-queuelistener-a-zeromq-example">Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a ZeroMQ example</a><ul>

  5946. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclass-queuehandler">Subclass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QueueHandler</span></code></a></li>

  5947. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclass-queuelistener">Subclass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QueueListener</span></code></a></li>

  5948. </ul>

  5949. </li>

  5950. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuehandler-and-queuelistener-a-pynng-example">Subclassing QueueHandler and QueueListener- a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pynng</span></code> example</a><ul>

  5951. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#id3">Subclass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QueueListener</span></code></a></li>

  5952. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#id4">Subclass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">QueueHandler</span></code></a></li>

  5953. </ul>

  5954. </li>

  5955. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#an-example-dictionary-based-configuration">An example dictionary-based configuration</a></li>

  5956. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-a-rotator-and-namer-to-customize-log-rotation-processing">Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing</a></li>

  5957. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-more-elaborate-multiprocessing-example">A more elaborate multiprocessing example</a></li>

  5958. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#inserting-a-bom-into-messages-sent-to-a-sysloghandler">Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler</a></li>

  5959. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#implementing-structured-logging">Implementing structured logging</a></li>

  5960. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#customizing-handlers-with-dictconfig">Customizing handlers with <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dictConfig()</span></code></a></li>

  5961. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-particular-formatting-styles-throughout-your-application">Using particular formatting styles throughout your application</a><ul>

  5962. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-logrecord-factories">Using LogRecord factories</a></li>

  5963. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-custom-message-objects">Using custom message objects</a></li>

  5964. </ul>

  5965. </li>

  5966. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#configuring-filters-with-dictconfig">Configuring filters with <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dictConfig()</span></code></a></li>

  5967. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#customized-exception-formatting">Customized exception formatting</a></li>

  5968. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#speaking-logging-messages">Speaking logging messages</a></li>

  5969. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#buffering-logging-messages-and-outputting-them-conditionally">Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally</a></li>

  5970. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#sending-logging-messages-to-email-with-buffering">Sending logging messages to email, with buffering</a></li>

  5971. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#formatting-times-using-utc-gmt-via-configuration">Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration</a></li>

  5972. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-a-context-manager-for-selective-logging">Using a context manager for selective logging</a></li>

  5973. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-cli-application-starter-template">A CLI application starter template</a></li>

  5974. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-qt-gui-for-logging">A Qt GUI for logging</a></li>

  5975. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-syslog-with-rfc5424-support">Logging to syslog with RFC5424 support</a></li>

  5976. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#how-to-treat-a-logger-like-an-output-stream">How to treat a logger like an output stream</a></li>

  5977. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#patterns-to-avoid">Patterns to avoid</a><ul>

  5978. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#opening-the-same-log-file-multiple-times">Opening the same log file multiple times</a></li>

  5979. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-loggers-as-attributes-in-a-class-or-passing-them-as-parameters">Using loggers as attributes in a class or passing them as parameters</a></li>

  5980. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#adding-handlers-other-than-nullhandler-to-a-logger-in-a-library">Adding handlers other than <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NullHandler</span></code> to a logger in a library</a></li>

  5981. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#creating-a-lot-of-loggers">Creating a lot of loggers</a></li>

  5982. </ul>

  5983. </li>

  5984. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#other-resources">Other resources</a></li>

  5985. </ul>

  5986. </li>

  5987. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html">Regular Expression HOWTO</a><ul>

  5988. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  5989. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#simple-patterns">Simple Patterns</a><ul>

  5990. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#matching-characters">Matching Characters</a></li>

  5991. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#repeating-things">Repeating Things</a></li>

  5992. </ul>

  5993. </li>

  5994. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#using-regular-expressions">Using Regular Expressions</a><ul>

  5995. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#compiling-regular-expressions">Compiling Regular Expressions</a></li>

  5996. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#the-backslash-plague">The Backslash Plague</a></li>

  5997. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#performing-matches">Performing Matches</a></li>

  5998. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li>

  5999. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#compilation-flags">Compilation Flags</a></li>

  6000. </ul>

  6001. </li>

  6002. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#more-pattern-power">More Pattern Power</a><ul>

  6003. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#more-metacharacters">More Metacharacters</a></li>

  6004. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#grouping">Grouping</a></li>

  6005. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#non-capturing-and-named-groups">Non-capturing and Named Groups</a></li>

  6006. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#lookahead-assertions">Lookahead Assertions</a></li>

  6007. </ul>

  6008. </li>

  6009. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#modifying-strings">Modifying Strings</a><ul>

  6010. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#splitting-strings">Splitting Strings</a></li>

  6011. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#search-and-replace">Search and Replace</a></li>

  6012. </ul>

  6013. </li>

  6014. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#common-problems">Common Problems</a><ul>

  6015. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#use-string-methods">Use String Methods</a></li>

  6016. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#match-versus-search">match() versus search()</a></li>

  6017. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#greedy-versus-non-greedy">Greedy versus Non-Greedy</a></li>

  6018. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#using-re-verbose">Using re.VERBOSE</a></li>

  6019. </ul>

  6020. </li>

  6021. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#feedback">Feedback</a></li>

  6022. </ul>

  6023. </li>

  6024. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html">Socket Programming HOWTO</a><ul>

  6025. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#sockets">Sockets</a><ul>

  6026. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#history">History</a></li>

  6027. </ul>

  6028. </li>

  6029. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#creating-a-socket">Creating a Socket</a><ul>

  6030. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#ipc">IPC</a></li>

  6031. </ul>

  6032. </li>

  6033. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#using-a-socket">Using a Socket</a><ul>

  6034. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#binary-data">Binary Data</a></li>

  6035. </ul>

  6036. </li>

  6037. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#disconnecting">Disconnecting</a><ul>

  6038. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#when-sockets-die">When Sockets Die</a></li>

  6039. </ul>

  6040. </li>

  6041. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#non-blocking-sockets">Non-blocking Sockets</a></li>

  6042. </ul>

  6043. </li>

  6044. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html">Sorting Techniques</a><ul>

  6045. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#sorting-basics">Sorting Basics</a></li>

  6046. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#key-functions">Key Functions</a></li>

  6047. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#operator-module-functions-and-partial-function-evaluation">Operator Module Functions and Partial Function Evaluation</a></li>

  6048. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#ascending-and-descending">Ascending and Descending</a></li>

  6049. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#sort-stability-and-complex-sorts">Sort Stability and Complex Sorts</a></li>

  6050. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#decorate-sort-undecorate">Decorate-Sort-Undecorate</a></li>

  6051. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#comparison-functions">Comparison Functions</a></li>

  6052. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#odds-and-ends">Odds and Ends</a></li>

  6053. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#partial-sorts">Partial Sorts</a></li>

  6054. </ul>

  6055. </li>

  6056. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html">Unicode HOWTO</a><ul>

  6057. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#introduction-to-unicode">Introduction to Unicode</a><ul>

  6058. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#definitions">Definitions</a></li>

  6059. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#encodings">Encodings</a></li>

  6060. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#references">References</a></li>

  6061. </ul>

  6062. </li>

  6063. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#python-s-unicode-support">Python’s Unicode Support</a><ul>

  6064. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#the-string-type">The String Type</a></li>

  6065. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#converting-to-bytes">Converting to Bytes</a></li>

  6066. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-literals-in-python-source-code">Unicode Literals in Python Source Code</a></li>

  6067. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-properties">Unicode Properties</a></li>

  6068. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#comparing-strings">Comparing Strings</a></li>

  6069. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-regular-expressions">Unicode Regular Expressions</a></li>

  6070. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#id2">References</a></li>

  6071. </ul>

  6072. </li>

  6073. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#reading-and-writing-unicode-data">Reading and Writing Unicode Data</a><ul>

  6074. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-filenames">Unicode filenames</a></li>

  6075. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#tips-for-writing-unicode-aware-programs">Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs</a><ul>

  6076. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#converting-between-file-encodings">Converting Between File Encodings</a></li>

  6077. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#files-in-an-unknown-encoding">Files in an Unknown Encoding</a></li>

  6078. </ul>

  6079. </li>

  6080. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#id3">References</a></li>

  6081. </ul>

  6082. </li>

  6083. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>

  6084. </ul>

  6085. </li>

  6086. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html">HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package</a><ul>

  6087. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>

  6088. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#fetching-urls">Fetching URLs</a><ul>

  6089. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#data">Data</a></li>

  6090. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#headers">Headers</a></li>

  6091. </ul>

  6092. </li>

  6093. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#handling-exceptions">Handling Exceptions</a><ul>

  6094. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#urlerror">URLError</a></li>

  6095. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#httperror">HTTPError</a><ul>

  6096. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#error-codes">Error Codes</a></li>

  6097. </ul>

  6098. </li>

  6099. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#wrapping-it-up">Wrapping it Up</a><ul>

  6100. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#number-1">Number 1</a></li>

  6101. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#number-2">Number 2</a></li>

  6102. </ul>

  6103. </li>

  6104. </ul>

  6105. </li>

  6106. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#info-and-geturl">info and geturl</a></li>

  6107. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#openers-and-handlers">Openers and Handlers</a></li>

  6108. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#id5">Basic Authentication</a></li>

  6109. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#proxies">Proxies</a></li>

  6110. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#sockets-and-layers">Sockets and Layers</a></li>

  6111. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#footnotes">Footnotes</a></li>

  6112. </ul>

  6113. </li>

  6114. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html">Argparse Tutorial</a><ul>

  6115. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#concepts">Concepts</a></li>

  6116. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#the-basics">The basics</a></li>

  6117. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-positional-arguments">Introducing Positional arguments</a></li>

  6118. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-optional-arguments">Introducing Optional arguments</a><ul>

  6119. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#short-options">Short options</a></li>

  6120. </ul>

  6121. </li>

  6122. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#combining-positional-and-optional-arguments">Combining Positional and Optional arguments</a></li>

  6123. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#getting-a-little-more-advanced">Getting a little more advanced</a><ul>

  6124. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#specifying-ambiguous-arguments">Specifying ambiguous arguments</a></li>

  6125. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conflicting-options">Conflicting options</a></li>

  6126. </ul>

  6127. </li>

  6128. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#how-to-translate-the-argparse-output">How to translate the argparse output</a></li>

  6129. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>

  6130. </ul>

  6131. </li>

  6132. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html">An introduction to the ipaddress module</a><ul>

  6133. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#creating-address-network-interface-objects">Creating Address/Network/Interface objects</a><ul>

  6134. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#a-note-on-ip-versions">A Note on IP Versions</a></li>

  6135. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#ip-host-addresses">IP Host Addresses</a></li>

  6136. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#defining-networks">Defining Networks</a></li>

  6137. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#host-interfaces">Host Interfaces</a></li>

  6138. </ul>

  6139. </li>

  6140. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#inspecting-address-network-interface-objects">Inspecting Address/Network/Interface Objects</a></li>

  6141. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#networks-as-lists-of-addresses">Networks as lists of Addresses</a></li>

  6142. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li>

  6143. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#using-ip-addresses-with-other-modules">Using IP Addresses with other modules</a></li>

  6144. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#getting-more-detail-when-instance-creation-fails">Getting more detail when instance creation fails</a></li>

  6145. </ul>

  6146. </li>

  6147. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation.html">Instrumenting CPython with DTrace and SystemTap</a><ul>

  6148. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation.html#enabling-the-static-markers">Enabling the static markers</a></li>

  6149. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation.html#static-dtrace-probes">Static DTrace probes</a></li>

  6150. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation.html#static-systemtap-markers">Static SystemTap markers</a></li>

  6151. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation.html#available-static-markers">Available static markers</a></li>

  6152. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation.html#systemtap-tapsets">SystemTap Tapsets</a></li>

  6153. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation.html#examples">Examples</a></li>

  6154. </ul>

  6155. </li>

  6156. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/perf_profiling.html">Python support for the Linux <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">perf</span></code> profiler</a><ul>

  6157. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/perf_profiling.html#how-to-enable-perf-profiling-support">How to enable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">perf</span></code> profiling support</a></li>

  6158. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/perf_profiling.html#how-to-obtain-the-best-results">How to obtain the best results</a></li>

  6159. </ul>

  6160. </li>

  6161. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations.html">Annotations Best Practices</a><ul>

  6162. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations.html#accessing-the-annotations-dict-of-an-object-in-python-3-10-and-newer">Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.10 And Newer</a></li>

  6163. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations.html#accessing-the-annotations-dict-of-an-object-in-python-3-9-and-older">Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.9 And Older</a></li>

  6164. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations.html#manually-un-stringizing-stringized-annotations">Manually Un-Stringizing Stringized Annotations</a></li>

  6165. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations.html#best-practices-for-annotations-in-any-python-version">Best Practices For <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></code> In Any Python Version</a></li>

  6166. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations.html#annotations-quirks"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></code> Quirks</a></li>

  6167. </ul>

  6168. </li>

  6169. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html">Isolating Extension Modules</a><ul>

  6170. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#who-should-read-this">Who should read this</a></li>

  6171. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#background">Background</a><ul>

  6172. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#enter-per-module-state">Enter Per-Module State</a></li>

  6173. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#isolated-module-objects">Isolated Module Objects</a></li>

  6174. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#surprising-edge-cases">Surprising Edge Cases</a></li>

  6175. </ul>

  6176. </li>

  6177. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#making-modules-safe-with-multiple-interpreters">Making Modules Safe with Multiple Interpreters</a><ul>

  6178. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#managing-global-state">Managing Global State</a></li>

  6179. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#managing-per-module-state">Managing Per-Module State</a></li>

  6180. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#opt-out-limiting-to-one-module-object-per-process">Opt-Out: Limiting to One Module Object per Process</a></li>

  6181. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-functions">Module State Access from Functions</a></li>

  6182. </ul>

  6183. </li>

  6184. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#heap-types">Heap Types</a><ul>

  6185. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#changing-static-types-to-heap-types">Changing Static Types to Heap Types</a></li>

  6186. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#defining-heap-types">Defining Heap Types</a></li>

  6187. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#garbage-collection-protocol">Garbage-Collection Protocol</a><ul>

  6188. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#tp-traverse-in-python-3-8-and-lower"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code> in Python 3.8 and lower</a></li>

  6189. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#delegating-tp-traverse">Delegating <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_traverse</span></code></a></li>

  6190. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#defining-tp-dealloc">Defining <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_dealloc</span></code></a></li>

  6191. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#not-overriding-tp-free">Not overriding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_free</span></code></a></li>

  6192. <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#avoiding-pyobject-new">Avoiding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_New</span></code></a></li>

  6193. </ul>

  6194. </li>

  6195. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-classes">Module State Access from Classes</a></li>

  6196. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-regular-methods">Module State Access from Regular Methods</a></li>

  6197. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#module-state-access-from-slot-methods-getters-and-setters">Module State Access from Slot Methods, Getters and Setters</a></li>

  6198. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#lifetime-of-the-module-state">Lifetime of the Module State</a></li>

  6199. </ul>

  6200. </li>

  6201. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#open-issues">Open Issues</a><ul>

  6202. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#per-class-scope">Per-Class Scope</a></li>

  6203. <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions.html#lossless-conversion-to-heap-types">Lossless Conversion to Heap Types</a></li>

  6204. </ul>

  6205. </li>

  6206. </ul>

  6207. </li>

  6208. </ul>

  6209. </li>

  6210. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/index.html">Python Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul>

  6211. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html">General Python FAQ</a><ul>

  6212. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html#general-information">General Information</a></li>

  6213. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html#python-in-the-real-world">Python in the real world</a></li>

  6214. </ul>

  6215. </li>

  6216. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html">Programming FAQ</a><ul>

  6217. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#general-questions">General Questions</a></li>

  6218. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#core-language">Core Language</a></li>

  6219. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#numbers-and-strings">Numbers and strings</a></li>

  6220. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#performance">Performance</a></li>

  6221. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#sequences-tuples-lists">Sequences (Tuples/Lists)</a></li>

  6222. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#objects">Objects</a></li>

  6223. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#modules">Modules</a></li>

  6224. </ul>

  6225. </li>

  6226. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html">Design and History FAQ</a><ul>

  6227. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-does-python-use-indentation-for-grouping-of-statements">Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?</a></li>

  6228. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-am-i-getting-strange-results-with-simple-arithmetic-operations">Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?</a></li>

  6229. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-floating-point-calculations-so-inaccurate">Why are floating-point calculations so inaccurate?</a></li>

  6230. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-python-strings-immutable">Why are Python strings immutable?</a></li>

  6231. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls">Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?</a></li>

  6232. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-can-t-i-use-an-assignment-in-an-expression">Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?</a></li>

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