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  182.   <section id="file-objects">

  183. <span id="fileobjects"></span><h1>File Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#file-objects" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  184. <p id="index-0">These APIs are a minimal emulation of the Python 2 C API for built-in file

  185. objects, which used to rely on the buffered I/O (<span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="n">FILE</span><span class="p">*</span></span>) support

  186. from the C standard library.  In Python 3, files and streams use the new

  187. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#module-io" title="io: Core tools for working with streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code></a> module, which defines several layers over the low-level unbuffered

  188. I/O of the operating system.  The functions described below are

  189. convenience C wrappers over these new APIs, and meant mostly for internal

  190. error reporting in the interpreter; third-party code is advised to access

  191. the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#module-io" title="io: Core tools for working with streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code></a> APIs instead.</p>

  192. <dl class="c function">

  193. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_FromFd">

  194. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_FromFd</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">fd</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">buffering</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">encoding</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">errors</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">newline</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">closefd</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_FromFd" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  195. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Create a Python file object from the file descriptor of an already

  196. opened file <em>fd</em>.  The arguments <em>name</em>, <em>encoding</em>, <em>errors</em> and <em>newline</em>

  197. can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> to use the defaults; <em>buffering</em> can be <em>-1</em> to use the

  198. default. <em>name</em> is ignored and kept for backward compatibility. Return

  199. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure. For a more comprehensive description of the arguments,

  200. please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.open" title="io.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.open()</span></code></a> function documentation.</p>

  201. <div class="admonition warning">

  202. <p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>

  203. <p>Since Python streams have their own buffering layer, mixing them with

  204. OS-level file descriptors can produce various issues (such as unexpected

  205. ordering of data).</p>

  206. </div>

  207. <div class="versionchanged">

  208. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Ignore <em>name</em> attribute.</p>

  209. </div>

  210. </dd></dl>

  211. 

  212. <dl class="c function">

  213. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_AsFileDescriptor">

  214. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_AsFileDescriptor</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_AsFileDescriptor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  215. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the file descriptor associated with <em>p</em> as an <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">int</span></span>.  If the

  216. object is an integer, its value is returned.  If not, the

  217. object’s <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.IOBase.fileno" title="io.IOBase.fileno"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></code></a> method is called if it exists; the

  218. method must return an integer, which is returned as the file descriptor

  219. value.  Sets an exception and returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure.</p>

  220. </dd></dl>

  221. 

  222. <dl class="c function">

  223. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_GetLine">

  224. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_GetLine</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">n</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_GetLine" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  225. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-1">Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p.readline([n])</span></code>, this function reads one line from the

  226. object <em>p</em>.  <em>p</em> may be a file object or any object with a

  227. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.IOBase.readline" title="io.IOBase.readline"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline()</span></code></a>

  228. method.  If <em>n</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, exactly one line is read, regardless of the length of

  229. the line.  If <em>n</em> is greater than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, no more than <em>n</em> bytes will be read

  230. from the file; a partial line can be returned.  In both cases, an empty string

  231. is returned if the end of the file is reached immediately.  If <em>n</em> is less than

  232. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, however, one line is read regardless of length, but <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#EOFError" title="EOFError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EOFError</span></code></a> is

  233. raised if the end of the file is reached immediately.</p>

  234. </dd></dl>

  235. 

  236. <dl class="c function">

  237. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook">

  238. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook.Py_OpenCodeHookFunction" title="Py_OpenCodeHookFunction"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_OpenCodeHookFunction</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">handler</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  239. <dd><p>Overrides the normal behavior of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.open_code" title="io.open_code"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.open_code()</span></code></a> to pass its parameter

  240. through the provided handler.</p>

  241. <p>The handler is a function of type:</p>

  242. <dl class="c type">

  243. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook.Py_OpenCodeHookFunction">

  244. <span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_OpenCodeHookFunction</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook.Py_OpenCodeHookFunction" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  245. <dd><p>Equivalent of <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="p">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="p">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">*</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">*</span><span class="n">userData</span><span class="p">)</span></span>, where <em>path</em> is guaranteed to be

  246. <a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#c.PyUnicodeObject" title="PyUnicodeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicodeObject</span></code></a>.</p>

  247. </dd></dl>

  248. 

  249. <p>The <em>userData</em> pointer is passed into the hook function. Since hook

  250. functions may be called from different runtimes, this pointer should not

  251. refer directly to Python state.</p>

  252. <p>As this hook is intentionally used during import, avoid importing new modules

  253. during its execution unless they are known to be frozen or available in

  254. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code>.</p>

  255. <p>Once a hook has been set, it cannot be removed or replaced, and later calls to

  256. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook" title="PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook()</span></code></a> will fail. On failure, the function returns

  257. -1 and sets an exception if the interpreter has been initialized.</p>

  258. <p>This function is safe to call before <a class="reference internal" href="init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a>.</p>

  259. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setopencodehook</span></code> with no arguments.</p>

  260. <div class="versionadded">

  261. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8.</span></p>

  262. </div>

  263. </dd></dl>

  264. 

  265. <dl class="c function">

  266. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_WriteObject">

  267. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_WriteObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">flags</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_WriteObject" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  268. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-2">Write object <em>obj</em> to file object <em>p</em>.  The only supported flag for <em>flags</em> is

  269. <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.Py_PRINT_RAW" title="Py_PRINT_RAW"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_PRINT_RAW</span></code></a>; if given, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> of the object is written

  270. instead of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a>.  Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure; the

  271. appropriate exception will be set.</p>

  272. </dd></dl>

  273. 

  274. <dl class="c function">

  275. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_WriteString">

  276. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_WriteString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">s</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_WriteString" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  277. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Write string <em>s</em> to file object <em>p</em>.  Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on

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