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  98. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Call Protocol</a><ul>

  99. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-tp-call-protocol">The <em>tp_call</em> Protocol</a></li>

  100. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-vectorcall-protocol">The Vectorcall Protocol</a><ul>

  101. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>

  102. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#vectorcall-support-api">Vectorcall Support API</a></li>

  103. </ul>

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  105. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#object-calling-api">Object Calling API</a></li>

  106. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#call-support-api">Call Support API</a></li>

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  199.   <section id="call-protocol">

  200. <span id="call"></span><h1>Call Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#call-protocol" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  201. <p>CPython supports two different calling protocols:

  202. <em>tp_call</em> and vectorcall.</p>

  203. <section id="the-tp-call-protocol">

  204. <h2>The <em>tp_call</em> Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#the-tp-call-protocol" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  205. <p>Instances of classes that set <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_call" title="PyTypeObject.tp_call"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code></a> are callable.

  206. The signature of the slot is:</p>

  207. <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">tp_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">callable</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">);</span>

  208. </pre></div>

  209. </div>

  210. <p>A call is made using a tuple for the positional arguments

  211. and a dict for the keyword arguments, similarly to

  212. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code> in Python code.

  213. <em>args</em> must be non-NULL (use an empty tuple if there are no arguments)

  214. but <em>kwargs</em> may be <em>NULL</em> if there are no keyword arguments.</p>

  215. <p>This convention is not only used by <em>tp_call</em>:

  216. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_new" title="PyTypeObject.tp_new"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_new</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_init" title="PyTypeObject.tp_init"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_init</span></code></a>

  217. also pass arguments this way.</p>

  218. <p>To call an object, use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Call" title="PyObject_Call"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Call()</span></code></a> or another

  219. <a class="reference internal" href="#capi-call"><span class="std std-ref">call API</span></a>.</p>

  220. </section>

  221. <section id="the-vectorcall-protocol">

  222. <span id="vectorcall"></span><h2>The Vectorcall Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#the-vectorcall-protocol" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  223. <div class="versionadded">

  224. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  225. </div>

  226. <p>The vectorcall protocol was introduced in <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0590/"><strong>PEP 590</strong></a> as an additional protocol

  227. for making calls more efficient.</p>

  228. <p>As rule of thumb, CPython will prefer the vectorcall for internal calls

  229. if the callable supports it. However, this is not a hard rule.

  230. Additionally, some third-party extensions use <em>tp_call</em> directly

  231. (rather than using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Call" title="PyObject_Call"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Call()</span></code></a>).

  232. Therefore, a class supporting vectorcall must also implement

  233. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_call" title="PyTypeObject.tp_call"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code></a>.

  234. Moreover, the callable must behave the same

  235. regardless of which protocol is used.

  236. The recommended way to achieve this is by setting

  237. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_call" title="PyTypeObject.tp_call"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code></a> to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVectorcall_Call" title="PyVectorcall_Call"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_Call()</span></code></a>.

  238. This bears repeating:</p>

  239. <div class="admonition warning">

  240. <p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>

  241. <p>A class supporting vectorcall <strong>must</strong> also implement

  242. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_call" title="PyTypeObject.tp_call"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code></a> with the same semantics.</p>

  243. </div>

  244. <div class="versionchanged">

  245. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL</span></code></a> flag is now removed from a class

  246. when the class’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__" title="object.__call__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></code></a> method is reassigned.

  247. (This internally sets <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_call" title="PyTypeObject.tp_call"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code></a> only, and thus

  248. may make it behave differently than the vectorcall function.)

  249. In earlier Python versions, vectorcall should only be used with

  250. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE" title="Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">immutable</span></code></a> or static types.</p>

  251. </div>

  252. <p>A class should not implement vectorcall if that would be slower

  253. than <em>tp_call</em>. For example, if the callee needs to convert

  254. the arguments to an args tuple and kwargs dict anyway, then there is no point

  255. in implementing vectorcall.</p>

  256. <p>Classes can implement the vectorcall protocol by enabling the

  257. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL</span></code></a> flag and setting

  258. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_vectorcall_offset</span></code></a> to the offset inside the

  259. object structure where a <em>vectorcallfunc</em> appears.

  260. This is a pointer to a function with the following signature:</p>

  261. <dl class="c type">

  262. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.vectorcallfunc">

  263. <span class="k"><span class="pre">typedef</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">(</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">vectorcallfunc</span></span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">)</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">(</span></span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">size_t</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">nargsf</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwnames</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.vectorcallfunc" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  264. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.12.</em></dd></dl>

  265. 

  266. <ul class="simple">

  267. <li><p><em>callable</em> is the object being called.</p></li>

  268. <li><dl class="simple">

  269. <dt><em>args</em> is a C array consisting of the positional arguments followed by the</dt><dd><p>values of the keyword arguments.

  270. This can be <em>NULL</em> if there are no arguments.</p>

  271. </dd>

  272. </dl>

  273. </li>

  274. <li><dl class="simple">

  275. <dt><em>nargsf</em> is the number of positional arguments plus possibly the</dt><dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET" title="PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span></code></a> flag.

  276. To get the actual number of positional arguments from <em>nargsf</em>,

  277. use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVectorcall_NARGS" title="PyVectorcall_NARGS"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_NARGS()</span></code></a>.</p>

  278. </dd>

  279. </dl>

  280. </li>

  281. <li><dl class="simple">

  282. <dt><em>kwnames</em> is a tuple containing the names of the keyword arguments;</dt><dd><p>in other words, the keys of the kwargs dict.

  283. These names must be strings (instances of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code> or a subclass)

  284. and they must be unique.

  285. If there are no keyword arguments, then <em>kwnames</em> can instead be <em>NULL</em>.</p>

  286. </dd>

  287. </dl>

  288. </li>

  289. </ul>

  290. <dl class="c macro">

  291. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET">

  292. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  293. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.12.</em><p>If this flag is set in a vectorcall <em>nargsf</em> argument, the callee is allowed

  294. to temporarily change <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args[-1]</span></code>. In other words, <em>args</em> points to

  295. argument 1 (not 0) in the allocated vector.

  296. The callee must restore the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args[-1]</span></code> before returning.</p>

  297. <p>For <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_VectorcallMethod" title="PyObject_VectorcallMethod"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_VectorcallMethod()</span></code></a>, this flag means instead that

  298. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args[0]</span></code> may be changed.</p>

  299. <p>Whenever they can do so cheaply (without additional allocation), callers

  300. are encouraged to use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET" title="PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span></code></a>.

  301. Doing so will allow callables such as bound methods to make their onward

  302. calls (which include a prepended <em>self</em> argument) very efficiently.</p>

  303. <div class="versionadded">

  304. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8.</span></p>

  305. </div>

  306. </dd></dl>

  307. 

  308. <p>To call an object that implements vectorcall, use a <a class="reference internal" href="#capi-call"><span class="std std-ref">call API</span></a>

  309. function as with any other callable.

  310. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Vectorcall" title="PyObject_Vectorcall"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Vectorcall()</span></code></a> will usually be most efficient.</p>

  311. <div class="admonition note">

  312. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  313. <p>In CPython 3.8, the vectorcall API and related functions were available

  314. provisionally under names with a leading underscore:

  315. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_Vectorcall</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL</span></code>,

  316. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_VectorcallMethod</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyVectorcall_Function</span></code>,

  317. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_CallOneArg</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs</span></code>,

  318. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_CallMethodOneArg</span></code>.

  319. Additionally, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_VectorcallDict</span></code> was available as

  320. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyObject_FastCallDict</span></code>.

  321. The old names are still defined as aliases of the new, non-underscored names.</p>

  322. </div>

  323. <section id="recursion-control">

  324. <h3>Recursion Control<a class="headerlink" href="#recursion-control" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  325. <p>When using <em>tp_call</em>, callees do not need to worry about

  326. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#recursion"><span class="std std-ref">recursion</span></a>: CPython uses

  327. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#c.Py_EnterRecursiveCall" title="Py_EnterRecursiveCall"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_EnterRecursiveCall()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#c.Py_LeaveRecursiveCall" title="Py_LeaveRecursiveCall"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_LeaveRecursiveCall()</span></code></a>

  328. for calls made using <em>tp_call</em>.</p>

  329. <p>For efficiency, this is not the case for calls done using vectorcall:

  330. the callee should use <em>Py_EnterRecursiveCall</em> and <em>Py_LeaveRecursiveCall</em>

  331. if needed.</p>

  332. </section>

  333. <section id="vectorcall-support-api">

  334. <h3>Vectorcall Support API<a class="headerlink" href="#vectorcall-support-api" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>

  335. <dl class="c function">

  336. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyVectorcall_NARGS">

  337. <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_NARGS</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="n"><span class="pre">size_t</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">nargsf</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyVectorcall_NARGS" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  338. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.12.</em><p>Given a vectorcall <em>nargsf</em> argument, return the actual number of

  339. arguments.

  340. Currently equivalent to:</p>

  341. <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Py_ssize_t</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">nargsf</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">~</span><span class="n">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span><span class="p">)</span>

  342. </pre></div>

  343. </div>

  344. <p>However, the function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_NARGS</span></code> should be used to allow

  345. for future extensions.</p>

  346. <div class="versionadded">

  347. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8.</span></p>

  348. </div>

  349. </dd></dl>

  350. 

  351. <dl class="c function">

  352. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyVectorcall_Function">

  353. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.vectorcallfunc" title="vectorcallfunc"><span class="n"><span class="pre">vectorcallfunc</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_Function</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">op</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyVectorcall_Function" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  354. <dd><p>If <em>op</em> does not support the vectorcall protocol (either because the type

  355. does not or because the specific instance does not), return <em>NULL</em>.

  356. Otherwise, return the vectorcall function pointer stored in <em>op</em>.

  357. This function never raises an exception.</p>

  358. <p>This is mostly useful to check whether or not <em>op</em> supports vectorcall,

  359. which can be done by checking <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_Function(op)</span> <span class="pre">!=</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>

  360. <div class="versionadded">

  361. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  362. </div>

  363. </dd></dl>

  364. 

  365. <dl class="c function">

  366. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyVectorcall_Call">

  367. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyVectorcall_Call</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">tuple</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">dict</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyVectorcall_Call" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  368. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.12.</em><p>Call <em>callable</em>’s <a class="reference internal" href="#c.vectorcallfunc" title="vectorcallfunc"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vectorcallfunc</span></code></a> with positional and keyword

  369. arguments given in a tuple and dict, respectively.</p>

  370. <p>This is a specialized function, intended to be put in the

  371. <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_call" title="PyTypeObject.tp_call"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code></a> slot or be used in an implementation of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code>.

  372. It does not check the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL" title="Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL</span></code></a> flag

  373. and it does not fall back to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_call</span></code>.</p>

  374. <div class="versionadded">

  375. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8.</span></p>

  376. </div>

  377. </dd></dl>

  378. 

  379. </section>

  380. </section>

  381. <section id="object-calling-api">

  382. <span id="capi-call"></span><h2>Object Calling API<a class="headerlink" href="#object-calling-api" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  383. <p>Various functions are available for calling a Python object.

  384. Each converts its arguments to a convention supported by the called object –

  385. either <em>tp_call</em> or vectorcall.

  386. In order to do as little conversion as possible, pick one that best fits

  387. the format of data you have available.</p>

  388. <p>The following table summarizes the available functions;

  389. please see individual documentation for details.</p>

  390. <table class="docutils align-default">

  391. <thead>

  392. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Function</p></th>

  393. <th class="head"><p>callable</p></th>

  394. <th class="head"><p>args</p></th>

  395. <th class="head"><p>kwargs</p></th>

  396. </tr>

  397. </thead>

  398. <tbody>

  399. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Call" title="PyObject_Call"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Call()</span></code></a></p></td>

  400. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  401. <td><p>tuple</p></td>

  402. <td><p>dict/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code></p></td>

  403. </tr>

  404. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallNoArgs" title="PyObject_CallNoArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallNoArgs()</span></code></a></p></td>

  405. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  406. <td><p>—</p></td>

  407. <td><p>—</p></td>

  408. </tr>

  409. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallOneArg" title="PyObject_CallOneArg"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallOneArg()</span></code></a></p></td>

  410. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  411. <td><p>1 object</p></td>

  412. <td><p>—</p></td>

  413. </tr>

  414. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallObject" title="PyObject_CallObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallObject()</span></code></a></p></td>

  415. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  416. <td><p>tuple/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code></p></td>

  417. <td><p>—</p></td>

  418. </tr>

  419. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunction" title="PyObject_CallFunction"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallFunction()</span></code></a></p></td>

  420. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  421. <td><p>format</p></td>

  422. <td><p>—</p></td>

  423. </tr>

  424. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethod" title="PyObject_CallMethod"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethod()</span></code></a></p></td>

  425. <td><p>obj + <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char*</span></code></p></td>

  426. <td><p>format</p></td>

  427. <td><p>—</p></td>

  428. </tr>

  429. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs" title="PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs()</span></code></a></p></td>

  430. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  431. <td><p>variadic</p></td>

  432. <td><p>—</p></td>

  433. </tr>

  434. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs" title="PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs()</span></code></a></p></td>

  435. <td><p>obj + name</p></td>

  436. <td><p>variadic</p></td>

  437. <td><p>—</p></td>

  438. </tr>

  439. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs" title="PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs()</span></code></a></p></td>

  440. <td><p>obj + name</p></td>

  441. <td><p>—</p></td>

  442. <td><p>—</p></td>

  443. </tr>

  444. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodOneArg" title="PyObject_CallMethodOneArg"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodOneArg()</span></code></a></p></td>

  445. <td><p>obj + name</p></td>

  446. <td><p>1 object</p></td>

  447. <td><p>—</p></td>

  448. </tr>

  449. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Vectorcall" title="PyObject_Vectorcall"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Vectorcall()</span></code></a></p></td>

  450. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  451. <td><p>vectorcall</p></td>

  452. <td><p>vectorcall</p></td>

  453. </tr>

  454. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_VectorcallDict" title="PyObject_VectorcallDict"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_VectorcallDict()</span></code></a></p></td>

  455. <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  456. <td><p>vectorcall</p></td>

  457. <td><p>dict/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code></p></td>

  458. </tr>

  459. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_VectorcallMethod" title="PyObject_VectorcallMethod"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_VectorcallMethod()</span></code></a></p></td>

  460. <td><p>arg + name</p></td>

  461. <td><p>vectorcall</p></td>

  462. <td><p>vectorcall</p></td>

  463. </tr>

  464. </tbody>

  465. </table>

  466. <dl class="c function">

  467. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_Call">

  468. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_Call</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Call" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  469. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, with arguments given by the

  470. tuple <em>args</em>, and named arguments given by the dictionary <em>kwargs</em>.</p>

  471. <p><em>args</em> must not be <em>NULL</em>; use an empty tuple if no arguments are needed.

  472. If no named arguments are needed, <em>kwargs</em> can be <em>NULL</em>.</p>

  473. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  474. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  475. <p>This is the equivalent of the Python expression:

  476. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwargs)</span></code>.</p>

  477. </dd></dl>

  478. 

  479. <dl class="c function">

  480. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallNoArgs">

  481. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallNoArgs</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallNoArgs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  482. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em> without any arguments. It is the

  483. most efficient way to call a callable Python object without any argument.</p>

  484. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  485. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  486. <div class="versionadded">

  487. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  488. </div>

  489. </dd></dl>

  490. 

  491. <dl class="c function">

  492. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallOneArg">

  493. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallOneArg</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">arg</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallOneArg" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  494. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em> with exactly 1 positional argument

  495. <em>arg</em> and no keyword arguments.</p>

  496. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  497. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  498. <div class="versionadded">

  499. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  500. </div>

  501. </dd></dl>

  502. 

  503. <dl class="c function">

  504. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallObject">

  505. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallObject" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  506. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, with arguments given by the

  507. tuple <em>args</em>.  If no arguments are needed, then <em>args</em> can be <em>NULL</em>.</p>

  508. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  509. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  510. <p>This is the equivalent of the Python expression: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(*args)</span></code>.</p>

  511. </dd></dl>

  512. 

  513. <dl class="c function">

  514. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallFunction">

  515. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallFunction</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">format</span></span>, <span class="p"><span class="pre">...</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunction" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  516. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, with a variable number of C arguments.

  517. The C arguments are described using a <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue" title="Py_BuildValue"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_BuildValue()</span></code></a> style format

  518. string.  The format can be <em>NULL</em>, indicating that no arguments are provided.</p>

  519. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  520. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  521. <p>This is the equivalent of the Python expression: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(*args)</span></code>.</p>

  522. <p>Note that if you only pass <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> args,

  523. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs" title="PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs()</span></code></a> is a faster alternative.</p>

  524. <div class="versionchanged">

  525. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The type of <em>format</em> was changed from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>.</p>

  526. </div>

  527. </dd></dl>

  528. 

  529. <dl class="c function">

  530. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallMethod">

  531. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethod</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">format</span></span>, <span class="p"><span class="pre">...</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethod" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  532. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Call the method named <em>name</em> of object <em>obj</em> with a variable number of C

  533. arguments.  The C arguments are described by a <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue" title="Py_BuildValue"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_BuildValue()</span></code></a> format

  534. string that should produce a tuple.</p>

  535. <p>The format can be <em>NULL</em>, indicating that no arguments are provided.</p>

  536. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  537. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  538. <p>This is the equivalent of the Python expression:

  539. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">obj.name(arg1,</span> <span class="pre">arg2,</span> <span class="pre">...)</span></code>.</p>

  540. <p>Note that if you only pass <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> args,

  541. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs" title="PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs()</span></code></a> is a faster alternative.</p>

  542. <div class="versionchanged">

  543. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The types of <em>name</em> and <em>format</em> were changed from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>.</p>

  544. </div>

  545. </dd></dl>

  546. 

  547. <dl class="c function">

  548. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs">

  549. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <span class="p"><span class="pre">...</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  550. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>, with a variable number of

  551. <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> arguments.  The arguments are provided as a variable number

  552. of parameters followed by <em>NULL</em>.</p>

  553. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  554. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  555. <p>This is the equivalent of the Python expression:

  556. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">callable(arg1,</span> <span class="pre">arg2,</span> <span class="pre">...)</span></code>.</p>

  557. </dd></dl>

  558. 

  559. <dl class="c function">

  560. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs">

  561. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <span class="p"><span class="pre">...</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  562. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Call a method of the Python object <em>obj</em>, where the name of the method is given as a

  563. Python string object in <em>name</em>.  It is called with a variable number of

  564. <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> arguments.  The arguments are provided as a variable number

  565. of parameters followed by <em>NULL</em>.</p>

  566. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  567. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  568. </dd></dl>

  569. 

  570. <dl class="c function">

  571. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs">

  572. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  573. <dd><p>Call a method of the Python object <em>obj</em> without arguments,

  574. where the name of the method is given as a Python string object in <em>name</em>.</p>

  575. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  576. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  577. <div class="versionadded">

  578. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  579. </div>

  580. </dd></dl>

  581. 

  582. <dl class="c function">

  583. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_CallMethodOneArg">

  584. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_CallMethodOneArg</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">arg</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_CallMethodOneArg" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  585. <dd><p>Call a method of the Python object <em>obj</em> with a single positional argument

  586. <em>arg</em>, where the name of the method is given as a Python string object in

  587. <em>name</em>.</p>

  588. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  589. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  590. <div class="versionadded">

  591. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  592. </div>

  593. </dd></dl>

  594. 

  595. <dl class="c function">

  596. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_Vectorcall">

  597. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_Vectorcall</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span>, <span class="n"><span class="pre">size_t</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">nargsf</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwnames</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_Vectorcall" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  598. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.12.</em><p>Call a callable Python object <em>callable</em>.

  599. The arguments are the same as for <a class="reference internal" href="#c.vectorcallfunc" title="vectorcallfunc"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vectorcallfunc</span></code></a>.

  600. If <em>callable</em> supports <a class="reference internal" href="#vectorcall">vectorcall</a>, this directly calls

  601. the vectorcall function stored in <em>callable</em>.</p>

  602. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  603. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  604. <div class="versionadded">

  605. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  606. </div>

  607. </dd></dl>

  608. 

  609. <dl class="c function">

  610. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_VectorcallDict">

  611. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_VectorcallDict</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">callable</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span>, <span class="n"><span class="pre">size_t</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">nargsf</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwdict</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_VectorcallDict" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  612. <dd><p>Call <em>callable</em> with positional arguments passed exactly as in the <a class="reference internal" href="#vectorcall">vectorcall</a> protocol,

  613. but with keyword arguments passed as a dictionary <em>kwdict</em>.

  614. The <em>args</em> array contains only the positional arguments.</p>

  615. <p>Regardless of which protocol is used internally,

  616. a conversion of arguments needs to be done.

  617. Therefore, this function should only be used if the caller

  618. already has a dictionary ready to use for the keyword arguments,

  619. but not a tuple for the positional arguments.</p>

  620. <div class="versionadded">

  621. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  622. </div>

  623. </dd></dl>

  624. 

  625. <dl class="c function">

  626. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_VectorcallMethod">

  627. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_VectorcallMethod</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span>, <span class="n"><span class="pre">size_t</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">nargsf</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwnames</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_VectorcallMethod" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  628. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.12.</em><p>Call a method using the vectorcall calling convention. The name of the method

  629. is given as a Python string <em>name</em>. The object whose method is called is

  630. <em>args[0]</em>, and the <em>args</em> array starting at <em>args[1]</em> represents the arguments

  631. of the call. There must be at least one positional argument.

  632. <em>nargsf</em> is the number of positional arguments including <em>args[0]</em>,

  633. plus <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET" title="PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET</span></code></a> if the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args[0]</span></code> may

  634. temporarily be changed. Keyword arguments can be passed just like in

  635. <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject_Vectorcall" title="PyObject_Vectorcall"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Vectorcall()</span></code></a>.</p>

  636. <p>If the object has the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR" title="Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR</span></code></a> feature,

  637. this will call the unbound method object with the full

  638. <em>args</em> vector as arguments.</p>

  639. <p>Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return

  640. <em>NULL</em> on failure.</p>

  641. <div class="versionadded">

  642. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.9.</span></p>

  643. </div>

  644. </dd></dl>

  645. 

  646. </section>

  647. <section id="call-support-api">

  648. <h2>Call Support API<a class="headerlink" href="#call-support-api" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  649. <dl class="c function">

  650. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyCallable_Check">

  651. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyCallable_Check</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCallable_Check" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  652. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Determine if the object <em>o</em> is callable.  Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the object is callable

  653. and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> otherwise.  This function always succeeds.</p>

  654. </dd></dl>

  655. 

  656. </section>

  657. </section>

  658. 

  659. 

  660.             <div class="clearer"></div>

  661.           </div>

  662.         </div>

  663.       </div>

  664.       <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">

  665.         <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">

  666.   <div>

  667.     <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>

  668.     <ul>

  669. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Call Protocol</a><ul>

  670. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-tp-call-protocol">The <em>tp_call</em> Protocol</a></li>

  671. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-vectorcall-protocol">The Vectorcall Protocol</a><ul>

  672. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>

  673. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#vectorcall-support-api">Vectorcall Support API</a></li>

  674. </ul>

  675. </li>

  676. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#object-calling-api">Object Calling API</a></li>

  677. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#call-support-api">Call Support API</a></li>

  678. </ul>

  679. </li>

  680. </ul>

  681. 

  682.   </div>

  683.   <div>

  684.     <h4>Previous topic</h4>

  685.     <p class="topless"><a href="object.html"

  686.                           title="previous chapter">Object Protocol</a></p>

  687.   </div>

  688.   <div>

  689.     <h4>Next topic</h4>

  690.     <p class="topless"><a href="number.html"

  691.                           title="next chapter">Number Protocol</a></p>

  692.   </div>

  693.   <div role="note" aria-label="source link">

  694.     <h3>This Page</h3>

  695.     <ul class="this-page-menu">

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