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  182.   <section id="module-unicodedata">

  183. <span id="unicodedata-unicode-database"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-unicodedata" title="unicodedata: Access the Unicode Database."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code></a> — Unicode Database<a class="headerlink" href="#module-unicodedata" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  184. <hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />

  185. <p>This module provides access to the Unicode Character Database (UCD) which

  186. defines character properties for all Unicode characters. The data contained in

  187. this database is compiled from the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/15.0.0/ucd">UCD version 15.0.0</a>.</p>

  188. <p>The module uses the same names and symbols as defined by Unicode

  189. Standard Annex #44, <a class="reference external" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/">“Unicode Character Database”</a>.  It defines the

  190. following functions:</p>

  191. <dl class="py function">

  192. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.lookup">

  193. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lookup</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.lookup" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  194. <dd><p>Look up character by name.  If a character with the given name is found, return

  195. the corresponding character.  If not found, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>

  196. <div class="versionchanged">

  197. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Support for name aliases <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id3" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a> and named sequences <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id4" id="id2" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a> has been added.</p>

  198. </div>

  199. </dd></dl>

  200. 

  201. <dl class="py function">

  202. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.name">

  203. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.name" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  204. <dd><p>Returns the name assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as a string. If no

  205. name is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is

  206. raised.</p>

  207. </dd></dl>

  208. 

  209. <dl class="py function">

  210. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.decimal">

  211. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">decimal</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.decimal" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  212. <dd><p>Returns the decimal value assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as integer.

  213. If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given,

  214. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>

  215. </dd></dl>

  216. 

  217. <dl class="py function">

  218. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.digit">

  219. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">digit</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.digit" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  220. <dd><p>Returns the digit value assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as integer.

  221. If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given,

  222. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>

  223. </dd></dl>

  224. 

  225. <dl class="py function">

  226. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.numeric">

  227. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">numeric</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.numeric" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  228. <dd><p>Returns the numeric value assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as float.

  229. If no such value is defined, <em>default</em> is returned, or, if not given,

  230. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>

  231. </dd></dl>

  232. 

  233. <dl class="py function">

  234. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.category">

  235. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">category</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.category" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  236. <dd><p>Returns the general category assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as

  237. string.</p>

  238. </dd></dl>

  239. 

  240. <dl class="py function">

  241. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.bidirectional">

  242. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">bidirectional</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.bidirectional" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  243. <dd><p>Returns the bidirectional class assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as

  244. string. If no such value is defined, an empty string is returned.</p>

  245. </dd></dl>

  246. 

  247. <dl class="py function">

  248. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.combining">

  249. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">combining</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.combining" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  250. <dd><p>Returns the canonical combining class assigned to the character <em>chr</em>

  251. as integer. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if no combining class is defined.</p>

  252. </dd></dl>

  253. 

  254. <dl class="py function">

  255. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.east_asian_width">

  256. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">east_asian_width</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.east_asian_width" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  257. <dd><p>Returns the east asian width assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as

  258. string.</p>

  259. </dd></dl>

  260. 

  261. <dl class="py function">

  262. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.mirrored">

  263. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mirrored</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.mirrored" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  264. <dd><p>Returns the mirrored property assigned to the character <em>chr</em> as

  265. integer. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the character has been identified as a “mirrored”

  266. character in bidirectional text, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> otherwise.</p>

  267. </dd></dl>

  268. 

  269. <dl class="py function">

  270. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.decomposition">

  271. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">decomposition</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">chr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.decomposition" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  272. <dd><p>Returns the character decomposition mapping assigned to the character

  273. <em>chr</em> as string. An empty string is returned in case no such mapping is

  274. defined.</p>

  275. </dd></dl>

  276. 

  277. <dl class="py function">

  278. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.normalize">

  279. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">normalize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">form</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">unistr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.normalize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  280. <dd><p>Return the normal form <em>form</em> for the Unicode string <em>unistr</em>. Valid values for

  281. <em>form</em> are ‘NFC’, ‘NFKC’, ‘NFD’, and ‘NFKD’.</p>

  282. <p>The Unicode standard defines various normalization forms of a Unicode string,

  283. based on the definition of canonical equivalence and compatibility equivalence.

  284. In Unicode, several characters can be expressed in various way. For example, the

  285. character U+00C7 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA) can also be expressed as

  286. the sequence U+0043 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C) U+0327 (COMBINING CEDILLA).</p>

  287. <p>For each character, there are two normal forms: normal form C and normal form D.

  288. Normal form D (NFD) is also known as canonical decomposition, and translates

  289. each character into its decomposed form. Normal form C (NFC) first applies a

  290. canonical decomposition, then composes pre-combined characters again.</p>

  291. <p>In addition to these two forms, there are two additional normal forms based on

  292. compatibility equivalence. In Unicode, certain characters are supported which

  293. normally would be unified with other characters. For example, U+2160 (ROMAN

  294. NUMERAL ONE) is really the same thing as U+0049 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I).

  295. However, it is supported in Unicode for compatibility with existing character

  296. sets (e.g. gb2312).</p>

  297. <p>The normal form KD (NFKD) will apply the compatibility decomposition, i.e.

  298. replace all compatibility characters with their equivalents. The normal form KC

  299. (NFKC) first applies the compatibility decomposition, followed by the canonical

  300. composition.</p>

  301. <p>Even if two unicode strings are normalized and look the same to

  302. a human reader, if one has combining characters and the other

  303. doesn’t, they may not compare equal.</p>

  304. </dd></dl>

  305. 

  306. <dl class="py function">

  307. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.is_normalized">

  308. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">is_normalized</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">form</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">unistr</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.is_normalized" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  309. <dd><p>Return whether the Unicode string <em>unistr</em> is in the normal form <em>form</em>. Valid

  310. values for <em>form</em> are ‘NFC’, ‘NFKC’, ‘NFD’, and ‘NFKD’.</p>

  311. <div class="versionadded">

  312. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.8.</span></p>

  313. </div>

  314. </dd></dl>

  315. 

  316. <p>In addition, the module exposes the following constant:</p>

  317. <dl class="py data">

  318. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.unidata_version">

  319. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unidata_version</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.unidata_version" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  320. <dd><p>The version of the Unicode database used in this module.</p>

  321. </dd></dl>

  322. 

  323. <dl class="py data">

  324. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0">

  325. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">unicodedata.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ucd_3_2_0</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  326. <dd><p>This is an object that has the same methods as the entire module, but uses the

  327. Unicode database version 3.2 instead, for applications that require this

  328. specific version of the Unicode database (such as IDNA).</p>

  329. </dd></dl>

  330. 

  331. <p>Examples:</p>

  332. <div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">unicodedata</span>

  333. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;LEFT CURLY BRACKET&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  334. <span class="go">&#39;{&#39;</span>

  335. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  336. <span class="go">&#39;SOLIDUS&#39;</span>

  337. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;9&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  338. <span class="go">9</span>

  339. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  340. <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>

  341.   File <span class="nb">&quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n">&lt;module&gt;</span>

  342. <span class="gr">ValueError</span>: <span class="n">not a decimal</span>

  343. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">category</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># &#39;L&#39;etter, &#39;u&#39;ppercase</span>

  344. <span class="go">&#39;Lu&#39;</span>

  345. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">unicodedata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bidirectional</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\u0660</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># &#39;A&#39;rabic, &#39;N&#39;umber</span>

  346. <span class="go">&#39;AN&#39;</span>

  347. </pre></div>

  348. </div>

  349. <p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>

  350. <aside class="footnote-list brackets">

  351. <aside class="footnote brackets" id="id3" role="doc-footnote">

  352. <span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">1</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>

  353. <p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/15.0.0/ucd/NameAliases.txt">https://www.unicode.org/Public/15.0.0/ucd/NameAliases.txt</a></p>

  354. </aside>

  355. <aside class="footnote brackets" id="id4" role="doc-footnote">

  356. <span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id2">2</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>

  357. <p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/15.0.0/ucd/NamedSequences.txt">https://www.unicode.org/Public/15.0.0/ucd/NamedSequences.txt</a></p>

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