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  182.   <section id="module-textwrap">

  183. <span id="textwrap-text-wrapping-and-filling"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-textwrap" title="textwrap: Text wrapping and filling"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code></a> — Text wrapping and filling<a class="headerlink" href="#module-textwrap" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  184. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/textwrap.py">Lib/textwrap.py</a></p>

  185. <hr class="docutils" />

  186. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-textwrap" title="textwrap: Text wrapping and filling"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code></a> module provides some convenience functions,

  187. as well as <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>, the class that does all the work.

  188. If you’re just wrapping or filling one or two text strings, the convenience

  189. functions should be good enough; otherwise, you should use an instance of

  190. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> for efficiency.</p>

  191. <dl class="py function">

  192. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.wrap">

  193. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">textwrap.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">wrap</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">width</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">70</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">initial_indent</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">subsequent_indent</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fix_sentence_endings</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">break_long_words</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">drop_whitespace</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">break_on_hyphens</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tabsize</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">8</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">max_lines</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">placeholder</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'</span> <span class="pre">[...]'</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  194. <dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em> (a string) so every line is at most

  195. <em>width</em> characters long.  Returns a list of output lines, without final

  196. newlines.</p>

  197. <p>Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of

  198. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>, documented below.</p>

  199. <p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper.wrap()</span></code></a> method for additional details on how

  200. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> behaves.</p>

  201. </dd></dl>

  202. 

  203. <dl class="py function">

  204. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.fill">

  205. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">textwrap.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fill</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">width</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">70</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">initial_indent</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">subsequent_indent</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fix_sentence_endings</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">break_long_words</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">drop_whitespace</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">break_on_hyphens</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tabsize</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">8</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">max_lines</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">placeholder</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'</span> <span class="pre">[...]'</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.fill" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  206. <dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em>, and returns a single string containing the

  207. wrapped paragraph.  <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> is shorthand for</p>

  208. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wrap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">))</span>

  209. </pre></div>

  210. </div>

  211. <p>In particular, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> accepts exactly the same keyword arguments as

  212. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a>.</p>

  213. </dd></dl>

  214. 

  215. <dl class="py function">

  216. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.shorten">

  217. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">textwrap.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">shorten</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">width</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fix_sentence_endings</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">break_long_words</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">break_on_hyphens</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">placeholder</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'</span> <span class="pre">[...]'</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.shorten" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  218. <dd><p>Collapse and truncate the given <em>text</em> to fit in the given <em>width</em>.</p>

  219. <p>First the whitespace in <em>text</em> is collapsed (all whitespace is replaced by

  220. single spaces).  If the result fits in the <em>width</em>, it is returned.

  221. Otherwise, enough words are dropped from the end so that the remaining words

  222. plus the <em>placeholder</em> fit within <em>width</em>:</p>

  223. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">textwrap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shorten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Hello  world!&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">)</span>

  224. <span class="go">&#39;Hello world!&#39;</span>

  225. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">textwrap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shorten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Hello  world!&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span>

  226. <span class="go">&#39;Hello [...]&#39;</span>

  227. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">textwrap</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shorten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Hello world&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">placeholder</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  228. <span class="go">&#39;Hello...&#39;</span>

  229. </pre></div>

  230. </div>

  231. <p>Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of

  232. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a>, documented below.  Note that the whitespace is

  233. collapsed before the text is passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a>

  234. function, so changing the value of <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.tabsize" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.tabsize"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tabsize</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></code></a>,

  235. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_whitespace</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></code></a> will have no effect.</p>

  236. <div class="versionadded">

  237. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  238. </div>

  239. </dd></dl>

  240. 

  241. <dl class="py function">

  242. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.dedent">

  243. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">textwrap.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dedent</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.dedent" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  244. <dd><p>Remove any common leading whitespace from every line in <em>text</em>.</p>

  245. <p>This can be used to make triple-quoted strings line up with the left edge of the

  246. display, while still presenting them in the source code in indented form.</p>

  247. <p>Note that tabs and spaces are both treated as whitespace, but they are not

  248. equal: the lines <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;</span>&#160; <span class="pre">hello&quot;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;\thello&quot;</span></code> are considered to have no

  249. common leading whitespace.</p>

  250. <p>Lines containing only whitespace are ignored in the input and normalized to a

  251. single newline character in the output.</p>

  252. <p>For example:</p>

  253. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>

  254.     <span class="c1"># end first line with \ to avoid the empty line!</span>

  255.     <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;&#39;</span><span class="se">\</span>

  256. <span class="s1">    hello</span>

  257. <span class="s1">      world</span>

  258. <span class="s1">    &#39;&#39;&#39;</span>

  259.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">))</span>          <span class="c1"># prints &#39;    hello\n      world\n    &#39;</span>

  260.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dedent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)))</span>  <span class="c1"># prints &#39;hello\n  world\n&#39;</span>

  261. </pre></div>

  262. </div>

  263. </dd></dl>

  264. 

  265. <dl class="py function">

  266. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.indent">

  267. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">textwrap.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">indent</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prefix</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">predicate</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.indent" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  268. <dd><p>Add <em>prefix</em> to the beginning of selected lines in <em>text</em>.</p>

  269. <p>Lines are separated by calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text.splitlines(True)</span></code>.</p>

  270. <p>By default, <em>prefix</em> is added to all lines that do not consist

  271. solely of whitespace (including any line endings).</p>

  272. <p>For example:</p>

  273. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;hello</span><span class="se">\n\n</span><span class="s1"> </span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">world&#39;</span>

  274. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">indent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;  &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  275. <span class="go">&#39;  hello\n\n \n  world&#39;</span>

  276. </pre></div>

  277. </div>

  278. <p>The optional <em>predicate</em> argument can be used to control which lines

  279. are indented. For example, it is easy to add <em>prefix</em> to even empty

  280. and whitespace-only lines:</p>

  281. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;+ &#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">))</span>

  282. <span class="go">+ hello</span>

  283. <span class="go">+</span>

  284. <span class="go">+</span>

  285. <span class="go">+ world</span>

  286. </pre></div>

  287. </div>

  288. <div class="versionadded">

  289. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>

  290. </div>

  291. </dd></dl>

  292. 

  293. <p><a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.shorten" title="textwrap.shorten"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shorten()</span></code></a> work by creating a

  294. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> instance and calling a single method on it.  That

  295. instance is not reused, so for applications that process many text

  296. strings using <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> and/or <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.fill" title="textwrap.fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code></a>, it may be more efficient to

  297. create your own <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> object.</p>

  298. <p>Text is preferably wrapped on whitespaces and right after the hyphens in

  299. hyphenated words; only then will long words be broken if necessary, unless

  300. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper.break_long_words</span></code></a> is set to false.</p>

  301. <dl class="py class">

  302. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper">

  303. <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">textwrap.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  304. <dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> constructor accepts a number of optional keyword

  305. arguments.  Each keyword argument corresponds to an instance attribute, so

  306. for example</p>

  307. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">wrapper</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextWrapper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initial_indent</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;* &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  308. </pre></div>

  309. </div>

  310. <p>is the same as</p>

  311. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">wrapper</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TextWrapper</span><span class="p">()</span>

  312. <span class="n">wrapper</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">initial_indent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;* &quot;</span>

  313. </pre></div>

  314. </div>

  315. <p>You can re-use the same <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> object many times, and you can

  316. change any of its options through direct assignment to instance attributes

  317. between uses.</p>

  318. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> instance attributes (and keyword arguments to the

  319. constructor) are as follows:</p>

  320. <dl class="py attribute">

  321. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.width">

  322. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">width</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  323. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">70</span></code>) The maximum length of wrapped lines.  As long as there

  324. are no individual words in the input text longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>,

  325. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> guarantees that no output line will be longer than

  326. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> characters.</p>

  327. </dd></dl>

  328. 

  329. <dl class="py attribute">

  330. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs">

  331. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  332. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, then all tab characters in <em>text</em> will be

  333. expanded to spaces using the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str.expandtabs" title="str.expandtabs"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandtabs()</span></code></a> method of <em>text</em>.</p>

  334. </dd></dl>

  335. 

  336. <dl class="py attribute">

  337. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.tabsize">

  338. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">tabsize</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.tabsize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  339. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8</span></code>) If <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></code></a> is true, then all tab characters

  340. in <em>text</em> will be expanded to zero or more spaces, depending on the

  341. current column and the given tab size.</p>

  342. <div class="versionadded">

  343. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>

  344. </div>

  345. </dd></dl>

  346. 

  347. <dl class="py attribute">

  348. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace">

  349. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  350. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, after tab expansion but before wrapping,

  351. the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.wrap" title="textwrap.wrap"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wrap()</span></code></a> method will replace each whitespace character

  352. with a single space.  The whitespace characters replaced are

  353. as follows: tab, newline, vertical tab, formfeed, and carriage

  354. return (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\t\n\v\f\r'</span></code>).</p>

  355. <div class="admonition note">

  356. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  357. <p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.expand_tabs"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expand_tabs</span></code></a> is false and <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></code></a> is true,

  358. each tab character will be replaced by a single space, which is <em>not</em>

  359. the same as tab expansion.</p>

  360. </div>

  361. <div class="admonition note">

  362. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  363. <p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.replace_whitespace"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replace_whitespace</span></code></a> is false, newlines may appear in the

  364. middle of a line and cause strange output. For this reason, text should

  365. be split into paragraphs (using <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str.splitlines" title="str.splitlines"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str.splitlines()</span></code></a> or similar)

  366. which are wrapped separately.</p>

  367. </div>

  368. </dd></dl>

  369. 

  370. <dl class="py attribute">

  371. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace">

  372. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">drop_whitespace</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.drop_whitespace" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  373. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, whitespace at the beginning and ending of

  374. every line (after wrapping but before indenting) is dropped.

  375. Whitespace at the beginning of the paragraph, however, is not dropped

  376. if non-whitespace follows it.  If whitespace being dropped takes up an

  377. entire line, the whole line is dropped.</p>

  378. </dd></dl>

  379. 

  380. <dl class="py attribute">

  381. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.initial_indent">

  382. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">initial_indent</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.initial_indent" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  383. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) String that will be prepended to the first line of

  384. wrapped output.  Counts towards the length of the first line.  The empty

  385. string is not indented.</p>

  386. </dd></dl>

  387. 

  388. <dl class="py attribute">

  389. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.subsequent_indent">

  390. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">subsequent_indent</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.subsequent_indent" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  391. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) String that will be prepended to all lines of wrapped

  392. output except the first.  Counts towards the length of each line except

  393. the first.</p>

  394. </dd></dl>

  395. 

  396. <dl class="py attribute">

  397. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings">

  398. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fix_sentence_endings</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  399. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>) If true, <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> attempts to detect

  400. sentence endings and ensure that sentences are always separated by exactly

  401. two spaces.  This is generally desired for text in a monospaced font.

  402. However, the sentence detection algorithm is imperfect: it assumes that a

  403. sentence ending consists of a lowercase letter followed by one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.'</span></code>,

  404. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'!'</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>, possibly followed by one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&quot;'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;'&quot;</span></code>,

  405. followed by a space.  One problem with this algorithm is that it is

  406. unable to detect the difference between “Dr.” in</p>

  407. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">Dr</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">Frankenstein</span><span class="s1">&#39;s monster [...]</span>

  408. </pre></div>

  409. </div>

  410. <p>and “Spot.” in</p>

  411. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">See</span> <span class="n">Spot</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">See</span> <span class="n">Spot</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">]</span>

  412. </pre></div>

  413. </div>

  414. <p><a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.fix_sentence_endings"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fix_sentence_endings</span></code></a> is false by default.</p>

  415. <p>Since the sentence detection algorithm relies on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string.lowercase</span></code> for

  416. the definition of “lowercase letter”, and a convention of using two spaces

  417. after a period to separate sentences on the same line, it is specific to

  418. English-language texts.</p>

  419. </dd></dl>

  420. 

  421. <dl class="py attribute">

  422. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words">

  423. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">break_long_words</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  424. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, then words longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> will be

  425. broken in order to ensure that no lines are longer than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>.  If

  426. it is false, long words will not be broken, and some lines may be longer

  427. than <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a>.  (Long words will be put on a line by themselves, in

  428. order to minimize the amount by which <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> is exceeded.)</p>

  429. </dd></dl>

  430. 

  431. <dl class="py attribute">

  432. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens">

  433. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">break_on_hyphens</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_on_hyphens" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  434. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>) If true, wrapping will occur preferably on whitespaces

  435. and right after hyphens in compound words, as it is customary in English.

  436. If false, only whitespaces will be considered as potentially good places

  437. for line breaks, but you need to set <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.break_long_words"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break_long_words</span></code></a> to false if

  438. you want truly insecable words.  Default behaviour in previous versions

  439. was to always allow breaking hyphenated words.</p>

  440. </dd></dl>

  441. 

  442. <dl class="py attribute">

  443. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.max_lines">

  444. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">max_lines</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.max_lines" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  445. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>) If not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, then the output will contain at most

  446. <em>max_lines</em> lines, with <em>placeholder</em> appearing at the end of the output.</p>

  447. <div class="versionadded">

  448. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  449. </div>

  450. </dd></dl>

  451. 

  452. <dl class="py attribute" id="index-0">

  453. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.placeholder">

  454. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">placeholder</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.placeholder" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  455. <dd><p>(default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'</span> <span class="pre">[...]'</span></code>) String that will appear at the end of the output

  456. text if it has been truncated.</p>

  457. <div class="versionadded">

  458. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  459. </div>

  460. </dd></dl>

  461. 

  462. <p><a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> also provides some public methods, analogous to the

  463. module-level convenience functions:</p>

  464. <dl class="py method">

  465. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap">

  466. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">wrap</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.wrap" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  467. <dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em> (a string) so every line is at most

  468. <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.width" title="textwrap.TextWrapper.width"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width</span></code></a> characters long.  All wrapping options are taken from

  469. instance attributes of the <a class="reference internal" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper" title="textwrap.TextWrapper"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TextWrapper</span></code></a> instance.  Returns a list

  470. of output lines, without final newlines.  If the wrapped output has no

  471. content, the returned list is empty.</p>

  472. </dd></dl>

  473. 

  474. <dl class="py method">

  475. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="textwrap.TextWrapper.fill">

  476. <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fill</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">text</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#textwrap.TextWrapper.fill" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  477. <dd><p>Wraps the single paragraph in <em>text</em>, and returns a single string

  478. containing the wrapped paragraph.</p>

  479. </dd></dl>

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