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  192.   <section id="module-pty">

  193. <span id="pty-pseudo-terminal-utilities"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pty" title="pty: Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code></a> — Pseudo-terminal utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pty" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  194. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/pty.py">Lib/pty.py</a></p>

  195. <hr class="docutils" />

  196. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pty" title="pty: Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code></a> module defines operations for handling the pseudo-terminal

  197. concept: starting another process and being able to write to and read from its

  198. controlling terminal programmatically.</p>

  199. <div class="availability docutils container">

  200. <p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix.</p>

  201. </div>

  202. <p>Pseudo-terminal handling is highly platform dependent. This code is mainly

  203. tested on Linux, FreeBSD, and macOS (it is supposed to work on other POSIX

  204. platforms but it’s not been thoroughly tested).</p>

  205. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pty" title="pty: Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code></a> module defines the following functions:</p>

  206. <dl class="py function">

  207. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pty.fork">

  208. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pty.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fork</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pty.fork" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  209. <dd><p>Fork. Connect the child’s controlling terminal to a pseudo-terminal. Return

  210. value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(pid,</span> <span class="pre">fd)</span></code>. Note that the child  gets <em>pid</em> 0, and the <em>fd</em> is

  211. <em>invalid</em>. The parent’s return value is the <em>pid</em> of the child, and <em>fd</em> is a

  212. file descriptor connected to the child’s controlling terminal (and also to the

  213. child’s standard input and output).</p>

  214. <div class="admonition warning">

  215. <p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>

  216. <p>On macOS the use of this function is unsafe when mixed with using

  217. higher-level system APIs, and that includes using <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request" title="urllib.request: Extensible library for opening URLs."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code></a>.</p>

  218. </div>

  219. </dd></dl>

  220. 

  221. <dl class="py function">

  222. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pty.openpty">

  223. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pty.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">openpty</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pty.openpty" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  224. <dd><p>Open a new pseudo-terminal pair, using <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.openpty" title="os.openpty"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.openpty()</span></code></a> if possible, or

  225. emulation code for generic Unix systems. Return a pair of file descriptors

  226. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(master,</span> <span class="pre">slave)</span></code>, for the master and the slave end, respectively.</p>

  227. </dd></dl>

  228. 

  229. <dl class="py function">

  230. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pty.spawn">

  231. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pty.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">spawn</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">argv</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">master_read</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stdin_read</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pty.spawn" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  232. <dd><p>Spawn a process, and connect its controlling terminal with the current

  233. process’s standard io. This is often used to baffle programs which insist on

  234. reading from the controlling terminal. It is expected that the process

  235. spawned behind the pty will eventually terminate, and when it does <em>spawn</em>

  236. will return.</p>

  237. <p>A loop copies STDIN of the current process to the child and data received

  238. from the child to STDOUT of the current process. It is not signaled to the

  239. child if STDIN of the current process closes down.</p>

  240. <p>The functions <em>master_read</em> and <em>stdin_read</em> are passed a file descriptor

  241. which they should read from, and they should always return a byte string. In

  242. order to force spawn to return before the child process exits an

  243. empty byte array should be returned to signal end of file.</p>

  244. <p>The default implementation for both functions will read and return up to 1024

  245. bytes each time the function is called. The <em>master_read</em> callback is passed

  246. the pseudoterminal’s master file descriptor to read output from the child

  247. process, and <em>stdin_read</em> is passed file descriptor 0, to read from the

  248. parent process’s standard input.</p>

  249. <p>Returning an empty byte string from either callback is interpreted as an

  250. end-of-file (EOF) condition, and that callback will not be called after

  251. that. If <em>stdin_read</em> signals EOF the controlling terminal can no longer

  252. communicate with the parent process OR the child process. Unless the child

  253. process will quit without any input, <em>spawn</em> will then loop forever. If

  254. <em>master_read</em> signals EOF the same behavior results (on linux at least).</p>

  255. <p>Return the exit status value from <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.waitpid" title="os.waitpid"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.waitpid()</span></code></a> on the child process.</p>

  256. <p><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.waitstatus_to_exitcode" title="os.waitstatus_to_exitcode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.waitstatus_to_exitcode()</span></code></a> can be used to convert the exit status into

  257. an exit code.</p>

  258. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty.spawn</span></code> with argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv</span></code>.</p>

  259. <div class="versionchanged">

  260. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#pty.spawn" title="pty.spawn"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spawn()</span></code></a> now returns the status value from <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.waitpid" title="os.waitpid"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.waitpid()</span></code></a>

  261. on the child process.</p>

  262. </div>

  263. </dd></dl>

  264. 

  265. <section id="example">

  266. <h2>Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  267. <p>The following program acts like the Unix command <em class="manpage"><a class="manpage reference external" href="https://manpages.debian.org/script(1)">script(1)</a></em>, using a

  268. pseudo-terminal to record all input and output of a terminal session in a

  269. “typescript”.</p>

  270. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">argparse</span>

  271. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>

  272. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pty</span>

  273. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>

  274. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>

  275. 

  276. <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>

  277. <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;-a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;append&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;store_true&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  278. <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;-p&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;use_python&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;store_true&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  279. <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">nargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;?&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;typescript&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  280. <span class="n">options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">()</span>

  281. 

  282. <span class="n">shell</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executable</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">use_python</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SHELL&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;sh&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  283. <span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filename</span>

  284. <span class="n">mode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ab&#39;</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s1">&#39;wb&#39;</span>

  285. 

  286. <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">script</span><span class="p">:</span>

  287.     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">):</span>

  288.         <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>

  289.         <span class="n">script</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>

  290.         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">data</span>

  291. 

  292.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Script started, file is&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span>

  293.     <span class="n">script</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s1">&#39;Script started on </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asctime</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">())</span>

  294. 

  295.     <span class="n">pty</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spawn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shell</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">)</span>

  296. 

  297.     <span class="n">script</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s1">&#39;Script done on </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asctime</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">())</span>

  298.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Script done, file is&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span>

  299. </pre></div>

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