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  182.   <section id="module-glob">

  183. <span id="glob-unix-style-pathname-pattern-expansion"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion<a class="headerlink" href="#module-glob" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  184. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/glob.py">Lib/glob.py</a></p>

  185. <hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />

  186. <p id="index-1">The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> module finds all the pathnames matching a specified pattern

  187. according to the rules used by the Unix shell, although results are returned in

  188. arbitrary order.  No tilde expansion is done, but <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code>, and character

  189. ranges expressed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[]</span></code> will be correctly matched.  This is done by using

  190. the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.scandir()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="fnmatch.fnmatch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch.fnmatch()</span></code></a> functions in concert, and

  191. not by actually invoking a subshell.</p>

  192. <p>Note that files beginning with a dot (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.</span></code>) can only be matched by

  193. patterns that also start with a dot,

  194. unlike <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="fnmatch.fnmatch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch.fnmatch()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.glob" title="pathlib.Path.glob"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib.Path.glob()</span></code></a>.

  195. (For tilde and shell variable expansion, use <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.expanduser()</span></code></a> and

  196. <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.expandvars()</span></code></a>.)</p>

  197. <p>For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets.

  198. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'[?]'</span></code> matches the character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>.</p>

  199. <div class="admonition seealso">

  200. <p class="admonition-title">See also</p>

  201. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> module offers high-level path objects.</p>

  202. </div>

  203. <dl class="py function">

  204. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="glob.glob">

  205. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">glob.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">glob</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pathname</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">root_dir</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">dir_fd</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">recursive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">include_hidden</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#glob.glob" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  206. <dd><p>Return a possibly empty list of path names that match <em>pathname</em>, which must be

  207. a string containing a path specification. <em>pathname</em> can be either absolute

  208. (like <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/src/Python-1.5/Makefile</span></code>) or relative (like

  209. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">../../Tools/*/*.gif</span></code>), and can contain shell-style wildcards. Broken

  210. symlinks are included in the results (as in the shell). Whether or not the

  211. results are sorted depends on the file system.  If a file that satisfies

  212. conditions is removed or added during the call of this function, whether

  213. a path name for that file will be included is unspecified.</p>

  214. <p>If <em>root_dir</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it should be a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>

  215. specifying the root directory for searching.  It has the same effect on

  216. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob()</span></code></a> as changing the current directory before calling it.  If

  217. <em>pathname</em> is relative, the result will contain paths relative to

  218. <em>root_dir</em>.</p>

  219. <p>This function can support <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#dir-fd"><span class="std std-ref">paths relative to directory descriptors</span></a> with the <em>dir_fd</em> parameter.</p>

  220. <p id="index-2">If <em>recursive</em> is true, the pattern “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>” will match any files and zero or

  221. more directories, subdirectories and symbolic links to directories. If the

  222. pattern is followed by an <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.sep" title="os.sep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.sep</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.altsep" title="os.altsep"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.altsep</span></code></a> then files will not

  223. match.</p>

  224. <p>If <em>include_hidden</em> is true, “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>” pattern will match hidden directories.</p>

  225. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob.glob</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathname</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recursive</span></code>.</p>

  226. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob.glob/2</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathname</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recursive</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root_dir</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir_fd</span></code>.</p>

  227. <div class="admonition note">

  228. <p class="admonition-title">Note</p>

  229. <p>Using the “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>” pattern in large directory trees may consume

  230. an inordinate amount of time.</p>

  231. </div>

  232. <div class="versionchanged">

  233. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Support for recursive globs using “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>”.</p>

  234. </div>

  235. <div class="versionchanged">

  236. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>Added the <em>root_dir</em> and <em>dir_fd</em> parameters.</p>

  237. </div>

  238. <div class="versionchanged">

  239. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>include_hidden</em> parameter.</p>

  240. </div>

  241. </dd></dl>

  242. 

  243. <dl class="py function">

  244. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="glob.iglob">

  245. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">glob.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iglob</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pathname</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">root_dir</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">dir_fd</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">recursive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">include_hidden</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#glob.iglob" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  246. <dd><p>Return an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">iterator</span></a> which yields the same values as <a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob()</span></code></a>

  247. without actually storing them all simultaneously.</p>

  248. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob.glob</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathname</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recursive</span></code>.</p>

  249. <p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob.glob/2</span></code> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathname</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recursive</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root_dir</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir_fd</span></code>.</p>

  250. <div class="versionchanged">

  251. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Support for recursive globs using “<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code>”.</p>

  252. </div>

  253. <div class="versionchanged">

  254. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>Added the <em>root_dir</em> and <em>dir_fd</em> parameters.</p>

  255. </div>

  256. <div class="versionchanged">

  257. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.11: </span>Added the <em>include_hidden</em> parameter.</p>

  258. </div>

  259. </dd></dl>

  260. 

  261. <dl class="py function">

  262. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="glob.escape">

  263. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">glob.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">escape</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pathname</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#glob.escape" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  264. <dd><p>Escape all special characters (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'*'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'['</span></code>).

  265. This is useful if you want to match an arbitrary literal string that may

  266. have special characters in it.  Special characters in drive/UNC

  267. sharepoints are not escaped, e.g. on Windows

  268. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escape('//?/c:/Quo</span> <span class="pre">vadis?.txt')</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'//?/c:/Quo</span> <span class="pre">vadis[?].txt'</span></code>.</p>

  269. <div class="versionadded">

  270. <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>

  271. </div>

  272. </dd></dl>

  273. 

  274. <p>For example, consider a directory containing the following files:

  275. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1.gif</span></code>, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2.txt</span></code>, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">card.gif</span></code> and a subdirectory <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sub</span></code>

  276. which contains only the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3.txt</span></code>.  <a class="reference internal" href="#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob()</span></code></a> will produce

  277. the following results.  Notice how any leading components of the path are

  278. preserved.</p>

  279. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">glob</span>

  280. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./[0-9].*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  281. <span class="go">[&#39;./1.gif&#39;, &#39;./2.txt&#39;]</span>

  282. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;*.gif&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  283. <span class="go">[&#39;1.gif&#39;, &#39;card.gif&#39;]</span>

  284. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;?.gif&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  285. <span class="go">[&#39;1.gif&#39;]</span>

  286. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;**/*.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>

  287. <span class="go">[&#39;2.txt&#39;, &#39;sub/3.txt&#39;]</span>

  288. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;./**/&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>

  289. <span class="go">[&#39;./&#39;, &#39;./sub/&#39;]</span>

  290. </pre></div>

  291. </div>

  292. <p>If the directory contains files starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.</span></code> they won’t be matched by

  293. default. For example, consider a directory containing <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">card.gif</span></code> and

  294. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.card.gif</span></code>:</p>

  295. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">glob</span>

  296. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;*.gif&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  297. <span class="go">[&#39;card.gif&#39;]</span>

  298. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.c*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  299. <span class="go">[&#39;.card.gif&#39;]</span>

  300. </pre></div>

  301. </div>

  302. <div class="admonition seealso">

  303. <p class="admonition-title">See also</p>

  304. <dl class="simple">

  305. <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Shell-style filename (not path) expansion</p>

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