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  182.   <section id="module-fnmatch">

  183. <span id="fnmatch-unix-filename-pattern-matching"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code></a> — Unix filename pattern matching<a class="headerlink" href="#module-fnmatch" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  184. <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/fnmatch.py">Lib/fnmatch.py</a></p>

  185. <span id="index-0"></span><hr class="docutils" id="index-1" />

  186. <p>This module provides support for Unix shell-style wildcards, which are <em>not</em> the

  187. same as regular expressions (which are documented in the <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#module-re" title="re: Regular expression operations."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code></a> module).  The

  188. special characters used in shell-style wildcards are:</p>

  189. <table class="docutils align-default" id="index-2">

  190. <thead>

  191. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Pattern</p></th>

  192. <th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th>

  193. </tr>

  194. </thead>

  195. <tbody>

  196. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code></p></td>

  197. <td><p>matches everything</p></td>

  198. </tr>

  199. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code></p></td>

  200. <td><p>matches any single character</p></td>

  201. </tr>

  202. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[seq]</span></code></p></td>

  203. <td><p>matches any character in <em>seq</em></p></td>

  204. </tr>

  205. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[!seq]</span></code></p></td>

  206. <td><p>matches any character not in <em>seq</em></p></td>

  207. </tr>

  208. </tbody>

  209. </table>

  210. <p>For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets.

  211. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'[?]'</span></code> matches the character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'?'</span></code>.</p>

  212. <p id="index-3">Note that the filename separator (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/'</span></code> on Unix) is <em>not</em> special to this

  213. module.  See module <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> for pathname expansion (<a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> uses

  214. <a class="reference internal" href="#fnmatch.filter" title="fnmatch.filter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filter()</span></code></a> to match pathname segments).  Similarly, filenames starting with

  215. a period are not special for this module, and are matched by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code>

  216. patterns.</p>

  217. <p>Also note that <a class="reference internal" href="functools.html#functools.lru_cache" title="functools.lru_cache"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools.lru_cache()</span></code></a> with the <em>maxsize</em> of 32768 is used to

  218. cache the compiled regex patterns in the following functions: <a class="reference internal" href="#module-fnmatch" title="fnmatch: Unix shell style filename pattern matching."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch()</span></code></a>,

  219. <a class="reference internal" href="#fnmatch.fnmatchcase" title="fnmatch.fnmatchcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatchcase()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#fnmatch.filter" title="fnmatch.filter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filter()</span></code></a>.</p>

  220. <dl class="py function">

  221. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="fnmatch.fnmatch">

  222. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">fnmatch.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.fnmatch" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  223. <dd><p>Test whether the filename string <em>name</em> matches the pattern string <em>pat</em>,

  224. returning <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.  Both parameters are case-normalized

  225. using <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.normcase()</span></code></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="#fnmatch.fnmatchcase" title="fnmatch.fnmatchcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatchcase()</span></code></a> can be used to perform a

  226. case-sensitive comparison, regardless of whether that’s standard for the

  227. operating system.</p>

  228. <p>This example will print all file names in the current directory with the

  229. extension <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.txt</span></code>:</p>

  230. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fnmatch</span>

  231. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>

  232. 

  233. <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>

  234.     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;*.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>

  235.         <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">)</span>

  236. </pre></div>

  237. </div>

  238. </dd></dl>

  239. 

  240. <dl class="py function">

  241. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="fnmatch.fnmatchcase">

  242. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">fnmatch.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fnmatchcase</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.fnmatchcase" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  243. <dd><p>Test whether the filename string <em>name</em> matches the pattern string <em>pat</em>,

  244. returning <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>;

  245. the comparison is case-sensitive and does not apply <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.normcase()</span></code></a>.</p>

  246. </dd></dl>

  247. 

  248. <dl class="py function">

  249. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="fnmatch.filter">

  250. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">fnmatch.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">filter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">names</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.filter" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  251. <dd><p>Construct a list from those elements of the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterable"><span class="xref std std-term">iterable</span></a> <em>names</em>

  252. that match pattern <em>pat</em>.

  253. It is the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[n</span> <span class="pre">for</span> <span class="pre">n</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">names</span> <span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">fnmatch(n,</span> <span class="pre">pat)]</span></code>,

  254. but implemented more efficiently.</p>

  255. </dd></dl>

  256. 

  257. <dl class="py function">

  258. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="fnmatch.translate">

  259. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">fnmatch.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">translate</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pat</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#fnmatch.translate" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  260. <dd><p>Return the shell-style pattern <em>pat</em> converted to a regular expression for

  261. using with <a class="reference internal" href="re.html#re.match" title="re.match"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.match()</span></code></a>.</p>

  262. <p>Example:</p>

  263. <div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fnmatch</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">re</span>

  264. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>

  265. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">regex</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fnmatch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">translate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;*.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  266. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">regex</span>

  267. <span class="go">&#39;(?s:.*\\.txt)\\Z&#39;</span>

  268. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">reobj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">regex</span><span class="p">)</span>

  269. <span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">reobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;foobar.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  270. <span class="go">&lt;re.Match object; span=(0, 10), match=&#39;foobar.txt&#39;&gt;</span>

  271. </pre></div>

  272. </div>

  273. </dd></dl>

  274. 

  275. <div class="admonition seealso">

  276. <p class="admonition-title">See also</p>

  277. <dl class="simple">

  278. <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Unix shell-style path expansion.</p>

  279. </dd>

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