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  99. <li><a class="reference internal" href="#atexit-example"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> Example</a></li>

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  192.   <section id="module-atexit">

  193. <span id="atexit-exit-handlers"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> — Exit handlers<a class="headerlink" href="#module-atexit" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  194. <hr class="docutils" />

  195. <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> module defines functions to register and unregister cleanup

  196. functions.  Functions thus registered are automatically executed upon normal

  197. interpreter termination.  <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> runs these functions in the <em>reverse</em>

  198. order in which they were registered; if you register <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C</span></code>,

  199. at interpreter termination time they will be run in the order <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B</span></code>,

  200. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span></code>.</p>

  201. <p><strong>Note:</strong> The functions registered via this module are not called when the

  202. program is killed by a signal not handled by Python, when a Python fatal

  203. internal error is detected, or when <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os._exit" title="os._exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os._exit()</span></code></a> is called.</p>

  204. <p><strong>Note:</strong> The effect of registering or unregistering functions from within

  205. a cleanup function is undefined.</p>

  206. <div class="versionchanged">

  207. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>When used with C-API subinterpreters, registered functions

  208. are local to the interpreter they were registered in.</p>

  209. </div>

  210. <dl class="py function">

  211. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="atexit.register">

  212. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">atexit.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">register</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#atexit.register" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  213. <dd><p>Register <em>func</em> as a function to be executed at termination.  Any optional

  214. arguments that are to be passed to <em>func</em> must be passed as arguments to

  215. <a class="reference internal" href="#atexit.register" title="atexit.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a>.  It is possible to register the same function and arguments

  216. more than once.</p>

  217. <p>At normal program termination (for instance, if <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></code></a> is called or

  218. the main module’s execution completes), all functions registered are called in

  219. last in, first out order.  The assumption is that lower level modules will

  220. normally be imported before higher level modules and thus must be cleaned up

  221. later.</p>

  222. <p>If an exception is raised during execution of the exit handlers, a traceback is

  223. printed (unless <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> is raised) and the exception information is

  224. saved.  After all exit handlers have had a chance to run, the last exception to

  225. be raised is re-raised.</p>

  226. <p>This function returns <em>func</em>, which makes it possible to use it as a

  227. decorator.</p>

  228. <div class="admonition warning">

  229. <p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>

  230. <p>Starting new threads or calling <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fork" title="os.fork"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fork()</span></code></a> from a registered

  231. function can lead to race condition between the main Python

  232. runtime thread freeing thread states while internal <a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#module-threading" title="threading: Thread-based parallelism."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code></a>

  233. routines or the new process try to use that state. This can lead to

  234. crashes rather than clean shutdown.</p>

  235. </div>

  236. <div class="versionchanged">

  237. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>Attempts to start a new thread or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fork" title="os.fork"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fork()</span></code></a> a new process

  238. in a registered function now leads to <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a>.</p>

  239. </div>

  240. </dd></dl>

  241. 

  242. <dl class="py function">

  243. <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="atexit.unregister">

  244. <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">atexit.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unregister</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#atexit.unregister" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>

  245. <dd><p>Remove <em>func</em> from the list of functions to be run at interpreter shutdown.

  246. <a class="reference internal" href="#atexit.unregister" title="atexit.unregister"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unregister()</span></code></a> silently does nothing if <em>func</em> was not previously

  247. registered.  If <em>func</em> has been registered more than once, every occurrence

  248. of that function in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> call stack will be removed.  Equality

  249. comparisons (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code>) are used internally during unregistration, so function

  250. references do not need to have matching identities.</p>

  251. </dd></dl>

  252. 

  253. <div class="admonition seealso">

  254. <p class="admonition-title">See also</p>

  255. <dl class="simple">

  256. <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Useful example of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> to read and write <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> history

  257. files.</p>

  258. </dd>

  259. </dl>

  260. </div>

  261. <section id="atexit-example">

  262. <span id="id1"></span><h2><a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> Example<a class="headerlink" href="#atexit-example" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>

  263. <p>The following simple example demonstrates how a module can initialize a counter

  264. from a file when it is imported and save the counter’s updated value

  265. automatically when the program terminates without relying on the application

  266. making an explicit call into this module at termination.</p>

  267. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>

  268.     <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;counterfile&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">infile</span><span class="p">:</span>

  269.         <span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">infile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">())</span>

  270. <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">FileNotFoundError</span><span class="p">:</span>

  271.     <span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>

  272. 

  273. <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">incrcounter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>

  274.     <span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">_count</span>

  275.     <span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">n</span>

  276. 

  277. <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">savecounter</span><span class="p">():</span>

  278.     <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;counterfile&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">outfile</span><span class="p">:</span>

  279.         <span class="n">outfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">_count</span><span class="p">)</span>

  280. 

  281. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span>

  282. 

  283. <span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">savecounter</span><span class="p">)</span>

  284. </pre></div>

  285. </div>

  286. <p>Positional and keyword arguments may also be passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#atexit.register" title="atexit.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a> to be

  287. passed along to the registered function when it is called:</p>

  288. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">goodbye</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="p">):</span>

  289.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Goodbye </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">, it was </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1"> to meet you.&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="p">))</span>

  290. 

  291. <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span>

  292. 

  293. <span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">goodbye</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Donny&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;nice&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  294. <span class="c1"># or:</span>

  295. <span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">goodbye</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;nice&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;Donny&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  296. </pre></div>

  297. </div>

  298. <p>Usage as a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-decorator"><span class="xref std std-term">decorator</span></a>:</p>

  299. <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">atexit</span>

  300. 

  301. <span class="nd">@atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span>

  302. <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">goodbye</span><span class="p">():</span>

  303.     <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;You are now leaving the Python sector.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

  304. </pre></div>

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  306. <p>This only works with functions that can be called without arguments.</p>

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