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  182.   <section id="bytes-objects">

  183. <span id="bytesobjects"></span><h1>Bytes Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#bytes-objects" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

  184. <p>These functions raise <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> when expecting a bytes parameter and

  185. called with a non-bytes parameter.</p>

  186. <dl class="c type" id="index-0">

  187. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytesObject">

  188. <span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytesObject</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytesObject" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  189. <dd><p>This subtype of <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> represents a Python bytes object.</p>

  190. </dd></dl>

  191. 

  192. <dl class="c var">

  193. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_Type">

  194. <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Type</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Type" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  195. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>This instance of <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> represents the Python bytes type; it

  196. is the same object as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> in the Python layer.</p>

  197. </dd></dl>

  198. 

  199. <dl class="c function">

  200. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_Check">

  201. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Check</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Check" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  202. <dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a bytes object or an instance of a subtype

  203. of the bytes type.  This function always succeeds.</p>

  204. </dd></dl>

  205. 

  206. <dl class="c function">

  207. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_CheckExact">

  208. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_CheckExact</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_CheckExact" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  209. <dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a bytes object, but not an instance of a

  210. subtype of the bytes type.  This function always succeeds.</p>

  211. </dd></dl>

  212. 

  213. <dl class="c function">

  214. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_FromString">

  215. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">v</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromString" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  216. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a new bytes object with a copy of the string <em>v</em> as value on success,

  217. and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  The parameter <em>v</em> must not be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>; it will not be

  218. checked.</p>

  219. </dd></dl>

  220. 

  221. <dl class="c function">

  222. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_FromStringAndSize">

  223. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromStringAndSize</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">v</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">len</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromStringAndSize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  224. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a new bytes object with a copy of the string <em>v</em> as value and length

  225. <em>len</em> on success, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.  If <em>v</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, the contents of

  226. the bytes object are uninitialized.</p>

  227. </dd></dl>

  228. 

  229. <dl class="c function">

  230. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_FromFormat">

  231. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromFormat</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">format</span></span>, <span class="p"><span class="pre">...</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromFormat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  232. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Take a C <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf()</span></code>-style <em>format</em> string and a variable number of

  233. arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python bytes object and return

  234. a bytes object with the values formatted into it.  The variable arguments

  235. must be C types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the

  236. <em>format</em> string.  The following format characters are allowed:</p>

  237. <table class="docutils align-default">

  238. <thead>

  239. <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Format Characters</p></th>

  240. <th class="head"><p>Type</p></th>

  241. <th class="head"><p>Comment</p></th>

  242. </tr>

  243. </thead>

  244. <tbody>

  245. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%%</span></code></p></td>

  246. <td><p><em>n/a</em></p></td>

  247. <td><p>The literal % character.</p></td>

  248. </tr>

  249. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%c</span></code></p></td>

  250. <td><p>int</p></td>

  251. <td><p>A single byte,

  252. represented as a C int.</p></td>

  253. </tr>

  254. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%d</span></code></p></td>

  255. <td><p>int</p></td>

  256. <td><p>Equivalent to

  257. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%d&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  258. </tr>

  259. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%u</span></code></p></td>

  260. <td><p>unsigned int</p></td>

  261. <td><p>Equivalent to

  262. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%u&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id2" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  263. </tr>

  264. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%ld</span></code></p></td>

  265. <td><p>long</p></td>

  266. <td><p>Equivalent to

  267. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%ld&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id3" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  268. </tr>

  269. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%lu</span></code></p></td>

  270. <td><p>unsigned long</p></td>

  271. <td><p>Equivalent to

  272. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%lu&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id4" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  273. </tr>

  274. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zd</span></code></p></td>

  275. <td><p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></code></a></p></td>

  276. <td><p>Equivalent to

  277. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%zd&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id5" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  278. </tr>

  279. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zu</span></code></p></td>

  280. <td><p>size_t</p></td>

  281. <td><p>Equivalent to

  282. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%zu&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id6" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  283. </tr>

  284. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%i</span></code></p></td>

  285. <td><p>int</p></td>

  286. <td><p>Equivalent to

  287. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%i&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id7" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  288. </tr>

  289. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%x</span></code></p></td>

  290. <td><p>int</p></td>

  291. <td><p>Equivalent to

  292. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%x&quot;)</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id9" id="id8" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>

  293. </tr>

  294. <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code></p></td>

  295. <td><p>const char*</p></td>

  296. <td><p>A null-terminated C character

  297. array.</p></td>

  298. </tr>

  299. <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%p</span></code></p></td>

  300. <td><p>const void*</p></td>

  301. <td><p>The hex representation of a C

  302. pointer. Mostly equivalent to

  303. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf(&quot;%p&quot;)</span></code> except that

  304. it is guaranteed to start with

  305. the literal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x</span></code> regardless

  306. of what the platform’s

  307. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code> yields.</p></td>

  308. </tr>

  309. </tbody>

  310. </table>

  311. <p>An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be

  312. copied as-is to the result object, and any extra arguments discarded.</p>

  313. <aside class="footnote-list brackets">

  314. <aside class="footnote brackets" id="id9" role="doc-footnote">

  315. <span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>

  316. <span class="backrefs">(<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">1</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id2">2</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id3">3</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id4">4</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id5">5</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id6">6</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id7">7</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#id8">8</a>)</span>

  317. <p>For integer specifiers (d, u, ld, lu, zd, zu, i, x): the 0-conversion

  318. flag has effect even when a precision is given.</p>

  319. </aside>

  320. </aside>

  321. </dd></dl>

  322. 

  323. <dl class="c function">

  324. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_FromFormatV">

  325. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromFormatV</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">format</span></span>, <span class="n"><span class="pre">va_list</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">vargs</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromFormatV" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  326. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_FromFormat" title="PyBytes_FromFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromFormat()</span></code></a> except that it takes exactly two

  327. arguments.</p>

  328. </dd></dl>

  329. 

  330. <dl class="c function">

  331. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_FromObject">

  332. <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_FromObject" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  333. <dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the bytes representation of object <em>o</em> that implements the buffer

  334. protocol.</p>

  335. </dd></dl>

  336. 

  337. <dl class="c function">

  338. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_Size">

  339. <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Size</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Size" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  340. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the length of the bytes in bytes object <em>o</em>.</p>

  341. </dd></dl>

  342. 

  343. <dl class="c function">

  344. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_GET_SIZE">

  345. <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_GET_SIZE</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_GET_SIZE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  346. <dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_Size" title="PyBytes_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Size()</span></code></a>, but without error checking.</p>

  347. </dd></dl>

  348. 

  349. <dl class="c function">

  350. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_AsString">

  351. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_AsString" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  352. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a pointer to the contents of <em>o</em>.  The pointer

  353. refers to the internal buffer of <em>o</em>, which consists of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">len(o)</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>

  354. bytes.  The last byte in the buffer is always null, regardless of

  355. whether there are any other null bytes.  The data must not be

  356. modified in any way, unless the object was just created using

  357. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,</span> <span class="pre">size)</span></code>. It must not be deallocated.  If

  358. <em>o</em> is not a bytes object at all, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_AsString" title="PyBytes_AsString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsString()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>

  359. and raises <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p>

  360. </dd></dl>

  361. 

  362. <dl class="c function">

  363. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_AS_STRING">

  364. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AS_STRING</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">string</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_AS_STRING" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  365. <dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_AsString" title="PyBytes_AsString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsString()</span></code></a>, but without error checking.</p>

  366. </dd></dl>

  367. 

  368. <dl class="c function">

  369. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize">

  370. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsStringAndSize</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">buffer</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">length</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  371. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the null-terminated contents of the object <em>obj</em>

  372. through the output variables <em>buffer</em> and <em>length</em>.

  373. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success.</p>

  374. <p>If <em>length</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, the bytes object

  375. may not contain embedded null bytes;

  376. if it does, the function returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>

  377. <p>The buffer refers to an internal buffer of <em>obj</em>, which includes an

  378. additional null byte at the end (not counted in <em>length</em>).  The data

  379. must not be modified in any way, unless the object was just created using

  380. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,</span> <span class="pre">size)</span></code>.  It must not be deallocated.  If

  381. <em>obj</em> is not a bytes object at all, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyBytes_AsStringAndSize" title="PyBytes_AsStringAndSize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyBytes_AsStringAndSize()</span></code></a>

  382. returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and raises <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p>

  383. <div class="versionchanged">

  384. <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>Previously, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> was raised when embedded null bytes were

  385. encountered in the bytes object.</p>

  386. </div>

  387. </dd></dl>

  388. 

  389. <dl class="c function">

  390. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_Concat">

  391. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_Concat</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">newpart</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_Concat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  392. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Create a new bytes object in <em>*bytes</em> containing the contents of <em>newpart</em>

  393. appended to <em>bytes</em>; the caller will own the new reference.  The reference to

  394. the old value of <em>bytes</em> will be stolen.  If the new object cannot be

  395. created, the old reference to <em>bytes</em> will still be discarded and the value

  396. of <em>*bytes</em> will be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>; the appropriate exception will be set.</p>

  397. </dd></dl>

  398. 

  399. <dl class="c function">

  400. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyBytes_ConcatAndDel">

  401. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyBytes_ConcatAndDel</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">newpart</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyBytes_ConcatAndDel" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  402. <dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Create a new bytes object in <em>*bytes</em> containing the contents of <em>newpart</em>

  403. appended to <em>bytes</em>.  This version releases the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-strong-reference"><span class="xref std std-term">strong reference</span></a>

  404. to <em>newpart</em> (i.e. decrements its reference count).</p>

  405. </dd></dl>

  406. 

  407. <dl class="c function">

  408. <dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._PyBytes_Resize">

  409. <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_PyBytes_Resize</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">bytes</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">newsize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyBytes_Resize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>

  410. <dd><p>A way to resize a bytes object even though it is “immutable”. Only use this

  411. to build up a brand new bytes object; don’t use this if the bytes may already

  412. be known in other parts of the code.  It is an error to call this function if

  413. the refcount on the input bytes object is not one. Pass the address of an

  414. existing bytes object as an lvalue (it may be written into), and the new size

  415. desired.  On success, <em>*bytes</em> holds the resized bytes object and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> is

  416. returned; the address in <em>*bytes</em> may differ from its input value.  If the

  417. reallocation fails, the original bytes object at <em>*bytes</em> is deallocated,

  418. <em>*bytes</em> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#MemoryError" title="MemoryError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemoryError</span></code></a> is set, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> is

  419. returned.</p>

  420. </dd></dl>

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