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- <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 4. SQL Syntax</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="sql.html" title="Part II. The SQL Language" /><link rel="next" href="sql-syntax-lexical.html" title="4.1. Lexical Structure" /></head><body><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">Chapter 4. SQL Syntax</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql.html" title="Part II. The SQL Language">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql.html" title="Part II. The SQL Language">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. The SQL Language</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 12.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-syntax-lexical.html" title="4.1. Lexical Structure">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="chapter" id="SQL-SYNTAX"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 4. SQL Syntax</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html">4.1. Lexical Structure</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-IDENTIFIERS">4.1.1. Identifiers and Key Words</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CONSTANTS">4.1.2. Constants</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-OPERATORS">4.1.3. Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-SPECIAL-CHARS">4.1.4. Special Characters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-COMMENTS">4.1.5. Comments</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-PRECEDENCE">4.1.6. Operator Precedence</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sql-expressions.html">4.2. Value Expressions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-EXPRESSIONS-COLUMN-REFS">4.2.1. Column References</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-EXPRESSIONS-PARAMETERS-POSITIONAL">4.2.2. Positional Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-EXPRESSIONS-SUBSCRIPTS">4.2.3. Subscripts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#FIELD-SELECTION">4.2.4. Field Selection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-EXPRESSIONS-OPERATOR-CALLS">4.2.5. Operator Invocations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-EXPRESSIONS-FUNCTION-CALLS">4.2.6. Function Calls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-AGGREGATES">4.2.7. Aggregate Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-WINDOW-FUNCTIONS">4.2.8. Window Function Calls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-TYPE-CASTS">4.2.9. Type Casts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-COLLATE-EXPRS">4.2.10. Collation Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-SCALAR-SUBQUERIES">4.2.11. Scalar Subqueries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ARRAY-CONSTRUCTORS">4.2.12. Array Constructors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ROW-CONSTRUCTORS">4.2.13. Row Constructors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-expressions.html#SYNTAX-EXPRESS-EVAL">4.2.14. Expression Evaluation Rules</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html">4.3. Calling Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-POSITIONAL">4.3.1. Using Positional Notation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-NAMED">4.3.2. Using Named Notation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html#SQL-SYNTAX-CALLING-FUNCS-MIXED">4.3.3. Using Mixed Notation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><a id="id-1.5.3.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
- This chapter describes the syntax of SQL. It forms the foundation
- for understanding the following chapters which will go into detail
- about how SQL commands are applied to define and modify data.
- </p><p>
- We also advise users who are already familiar with SQL to read this
- chapter carefully because it contains several rules and concepts that
- are implemented inconsistently among SQL databases or that are
- specific to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>.
- </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-syntax-lexical.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part II. The SQL Language </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 4.1. Lexical Structure</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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