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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>DECLARE</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-deallocate.html" title="DEALLOCATE" /><link rel="next" href="sql-delete.html" title="DELETE" /></head><body><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">DECLARE</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-deallocate.html" title="DEALLOCATE">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 12.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-delete.html" title="DELETE">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-DECLARE"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.99.1" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.9.3.99.2" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">DECLARE</span></h2><p>DECLARE — define a cursor</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis">
DECLARE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
    CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em>
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.99.6"><h2>Description</h2><p>
   <code class="command">DECLARE</code> allows a user to create cursors, which
   can be used to retrieve
   a small number of rows at a time out of a larger query.
   After the cursor is created, rows are fetched from it using
   <a class="xref" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH"><span class="refentrytitle">FETCH</span></a>.
  </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
    This page describes usage of cursors at the SQL command level.
    If you are trying to use cursors inside a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>
    function, the rules are different —
    see <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-cursors.html" title="42.7. Cursors">Section 42.7</a>.
   </p></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.99.7"><h2>Parameters</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
      The name of the cursor to be created.
     </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">BINARY</code></span></dt><dd><p>
      Causes the cursor to return data in binary rather than in text format.
     </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">INSENSITIVE</code></span></dt><dd><p>
      Indicates that data retrieved from the cursor should be
      unaffected by updates to the table(s) underlying the cursor that occur
      after the cursor is created.  In <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>,
      this is the default behavior; so this key word has no
      effect and is only accepted for compatibility with the SQL standard.
     </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">SCROLL</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code></span></dt><dd><p><code class="literal">SCROLL</code> specifies that the cursor can be used
      to retrieve rows in a nonsequential fashion (e.g.,
      backward). Depending upon the complexity of the query's
      execution plan, specifying <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> might impose
      a performance penalty on the query's execution time.
      <code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code> specifies that the cursor cannot be
      used to retrieve rows in a nonsequential fashion.  The default is to
      allow scrolling in some cases; this is not the same as specifying
      <code class="literal">SCROLL</code>. See <a class="xref" href="sql-declare.html#SQL-DECLARE-NOTES" title="Notes">Notes</a> for details.
     </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">WITHOUT HOLD</code></span></dt><dd><p><code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code> specifies that the cursor can
      continue to be used after the transaction that created it
      successfully commits.  <code class="literal">WITHOUT HOLD</code> specifies
      that the cursor cannot be used outside of the transaction that
      created it. If neither <code class="literal">WITHOUT HOLD</code> nor
      <code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code> is specified, <code class="literal">WITHOUT
      HOLD</code> is the default.
     </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
      A <a class="xref" href="sql-select.html" title="SELECT"><span class="refentrytitle">SELECT</span></a> or
      <a class="xref" href="sql-values.html" title="VALUES"><span class="refentrytitle">VALUES</span></a> command
      which will provide the rows to be returned by the cursor.
     </p></dd></dl></div><p>
   The key words <code class="literal">BINARY</code>,
   <code class="literal">INSENSITIVE</code>, and <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> can
   appear in any order.
  </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="SQL-DECLARE-NOTES"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
   Normal cursors return data in text format, the same as a
   <code class="command">SELECT</code> would produce.  The <code class="literal">BINARY</code> option
   specifies that the cursor should return data in binary format.
   This reduces conversion effort for both the server and client,
   at the cost of more programmer effort to deal with platform-dependent
   binary data formats.
   As an example, if a query returns a value of one from an integer column,
   you would get a string of <code class="literal">1</code> with a default cursor,
   whereas with a binary cursor you would get
   a 4-byte field containing the internal representation of the value
   (in big-endian byte order).
  </p><p>
   Binary cursors should be used carefully.  Many applications,
   including <span class="application">psql</span>, are not prepared to
   handle binary cursors and expect data to come back in the text
   format.
  </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
    When the client application uses the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">extended query</span>”</span> protocol
    to issue a <code class="command">FETCH</code> command, the Bind protocol message
    specifies whether data is to be retrieved in text or binary format.
    This choice overrides the way that the cursor is defined.  The concept
    of a binary cursor as such is thus obsolete when using extended query
    protocol — any cursor can be treated as either text or binary.
   </p></div><p>
    Unless <code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code> is specified, the cursor
    created by this command can only be used within the current
    transaction.  Thus, <code class="command">DECLARE</code> without <code class="literal">WITH
    HOLD</code> is useless outside a transaction block: the cursor would
    survive only to the completion of the statement.  Therefore
    <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> reports an error if such a
    command is used outside a transaction block.
    Use
    <a class="xref" href="sql-begin.html" title="BEGIN"><span class="refentrytitle">BEGIN</span></a> and
    <a class="xref" href="sql-commit.html" title="COMMIT"><span class="refentrytitle">COMMIT</span></a>
    (or <a class="xref" href="sql-rollback.html" title="ROLLBACK"><span class="refentrytitle">ROLLBACK</span></a>)
    to define a transaction block.
   </p><p>
    If <code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code> is specified and the transaction
    that created the cursor successfully commits, the cursor can
    continue to be accessed by subsequent transactions in the same
    session.  (But if the creating transaction is aborted, the cursor
    is removed.)  A cursor created with <code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code>
    is closed when an explicit <code class="command">CLOSE</code> command is
    issued on it, or the session ends.  In the current implementation,
    the rows represented by a held cursor are copied into a temporary
    file or memory area so that they remain available for subsequent
    transactions.
   </p><p>
    <code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code> may not be specified when the query
    includes <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> or <code class="literal">FOR SHARE</code>.
   </p><p>
    The <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> option should be specified when defining a
    cursor that will be used to fetch backwards.  This is required by
    the SQL standard.  However, for compatibility with earlier
    versions, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> will allow
    backward fetches without <code class="literal">SCROLL</code>, if the cursor's query
    plan is simple enough that no extra overhead is needed to support
    it. However, application developers are advised not to rely on
    using backward fetches from a cursor that has not been created
    with <code class="literal">SCROLL</code>.  If <code class="literal">NO SCROLL</code> is
    specified, then backward fetches are disallowed in any case.
   </p><p>
    Backward fetches are also disallowed when the query
    includes <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> or <code class="literal">FOR SHARE</code>; therefore
    <code class="literal">SCROLL</code> may not be specified in this case.
   </p><div class="caution"><h3 class="title">Caution</h3><p>
     Scrollable and <code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code> cursors may give unexpected
     results if they invoke any volatile functions (see <a class="xref" href="xfunc-volatility.html" title="37.7. Function Volatility Categories">Section 37.7</a>).  When a previously fetched row is
     re-fetched, the functions might be re-executed, perhaps leading to
     results different from the first time.  One workaround for such cases
     is to declare the cursor <code class="literal">WITH HOLD</code> and commit the
     transaction before reading any rows from it.  This will force the
     entire output of the cursor to be materialized in temporary storage,
     so that volatile functions are executed exactly once for each row.
    </p></div><p>
    If the cursor's query includes <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> or <code class="literal">FOR
    SHARE</code>, then returned rows are locked at the time they are first
    fetched, in the same way as for a regular
    <a class="xref" href="sql-select.html" title="SELECT"><span class="refentrytitle">SELECT</span></a> command with
    these options.
    In addition, the returned rows will be the most up-to-date versions;
    therefore these options provide the equivalent of what the SQL standard
    calls a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">sensitive cursor</span>”</span>.  (Specifying <code class="literal">INSENSITIVE</code>
    together with <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> or <code class="literal">FOR SHARE</code> is an error.)
   </p><div class="caution"><h3 class="title">Caution</h3><p>
     It is generally recommended to use <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> if the cursor
     is intended to be used with <code class="command">UPDATE ... WHERE CURRENT OF</code> or
     <code class="command">DELETE ... WHERE CURRENT OF</code>.  Using <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code>
     prevents other sessions from changing the rows between the time they are
     fetched and the time they are updated.  Without <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code>,
     a subsequent <code class="literal">WHERE CURRENT OF</code> command will have no effect if
     the row was changed since the cursor was created.
    </p><p>
     Another reason to use <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> is that without it, a
     subsequent <code class="literal">WHERE CURRENT OF</code> might fail if the cursor query
     does not meet the SQL standard's rules for being <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">simply
     updatable</span>”</span> (in particular, the cursor must reference just one table
     and not use grouping or <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code>).  Cursors
     that are not simply updatable might work, or might not, depending on plan
     choice details; so in the worst case, an application might work in testing
     and then fail in production.  If <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> is
     specified, the cursor is guaranteed to be updatable.
    </p><p>
     The main reason not to use <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code> with <code class="literal">WHERE
     CURRENT OF</code> is if you need the cursor to be scrollable, or to be
     insensitive to the subsequent updates (that is, continue to show the old
     data).  If this is a requirement, pay close heed to the caveats shown
     above.
    </p></div><p>
    The SQL standard only makes provisions for cursors in embedded
    <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>.  The <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
    server does not implement an <code class="command">OPEN</code> statement for
    cursors; a cursor is considered to be open when it is declared.
    However, <span class="application">ECPG</span>, the embedded SQL
    preprocessor for <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, supports
    the standard SQL cursor conventions, including those involving
    <code class="command">DECLARE</code> and <code class="command">OPEN</code> statements.
   </p><p>
    You can see all available cursors by querying the <a class="link" href="view-pg-cursors.html" title="51.69. pg_cursors"><code class="structname">pg_cursors</code></a>
    system view.
   </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.99.9"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
   To declare a cursor:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
DECLARE liahona CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM films;
</pre><p>
   See <a class="xref" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH"><span class="refentrytitle">FETCH</span></a> for more
   examples of cursor usage.
  </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.99.10"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p>
   The SQL standard says that it is implementation-dependent whether cursors
   are sensitive to concurrent updates of the underlying data by default.  In
   <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, cursors are insensitive by default,
   and can be made sensitive by specifying <code class="literal">FOR UPDATE</code>.  Other
   products may work differently.
  </p><p>
   The SQL standard allows cursors only in embedded
   <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> and in modules. <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
   permits cursors to be used interactively.
  </p><p>
   Binary cursors are a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
   extension.
  </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.99.11"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="sql-close.html" title="CLOSE"><span class="refentrytitle">CLOSE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-fetch.html" title="FETCH"><span class="refentrytitle">FETCH</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-move.html" title="MOVE"><span class="refentrytitle">MOVE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-deallocate.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-delete.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">DEALLOCATE </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> DELETE</td></tr></table></div></body></html>